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47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (vaccination) valgt, emner højest 180 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
420 emner vises.
Infectious Disease Modelling, 25.03.2024
Tilføjet 25.03.2024
Publication date: Available online 24 March 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Md. Mamun-Ur-Rashid Khan, Jun Tanimoto
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 25.03.2024
Tilføjet 25.03.2024
Publication date: Available online 24 March 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Md. Mamun-Ur-Rashid Khan, Jun Tanimoto
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRijk, M. H., Platteel, T. N., van den Berg, T. M. C., Geersing, G.-J., Little, P., Rutten, F. H., van Smeden, M., Venekamp, R. P.
BMJ Open, 24.03.2024
Tilføjet 24.03.2024
ObjectiveTo identify and synthesise relevant existing prognostic factors (PF) and prediction models (PM) for hospitalisation and all-cause mortality within 90 days in primary care patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). DesignSystematic review. MethodsSystematic searches of MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library were performed. All PF and PM studies on the risk of hospitalisation or all-cause mortality within 90 days in adult primary care LRTI patients were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool and Prediction Model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool tools for PF and PM studies, respectively. The results of included PF and PM studies were descriptively summarised. ResultsOf 2799 unique records identified, 16 were included: 9 PF studies, 6 PM studies and 1 combination of both. The risk of bias was judged high for all studies, mainly due to limitations in the analysis domain. Based on reported multivariable associations in PF studies, increasing age, sex, current smoking, diabetes, a history of stroke, cancer or heart failure, previous hospitalisation, influenza vaccination (negative association), current use of systemic corticosteroids, recent antibiotic use, respiratory rate ≥25/min and diagnosis of pneumonia were identified as most promising candidate predictors. One newly developed PM was externally validated (c statistic 0.74, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.78) whereas the previously hospital-derived CRB-65 was externally validated in primary care in five studies (c statistic ranging from 0.72 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.81) to 0.79 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.92)). None of the PM studies reported measures of model calibration. ConclusionsImplementation of existing models for individualised risk prediction of 90-day hospitalisation or mortality in primary care LRTI patients in everyday practice is hampered by incomplete assessment of model performance. The identified candidate predictors provide useful information for clinicians and warrant consideration when developing or updating PMs using state-of-the-art development and validation techniques. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022341233.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSamantha C. Roberts, Sarah E. Jolley, Laurel E. Beaty, Neil R. Aggarwal, Tellen D. Bennett, Nichole E. Carlson, Lindsey E. Fish, Bethany M. Kwan, Seth Russell, Adane F. Wogu, Matthew A. Wynia, Adit A. Ginde
Journal of Medical Virology, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
Eva Tranter, Marco Frentsch, Marie Luise Hütter‐Krönke, Giang Lam Vuong, David Busch, Lucie Loyal, Larissa Henze, Stanislav Rosnev, Igor‐Wolfgang Blau, Andreas Thiel, Dieter Beule, Lars Bullinger, Benedikt Obermayer, Il‐Kang Na
Journal of Medical Virology, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
Michelle Ylade, Maria Vinna Crisostomo, Jedas Veronica Daag, Kristal An Agrupis, Anna Maureen Cuachin, Ava Kristy Sy, Deok Ryun Kim, Hyeon Seon Ahn, Ana Coello Escoto, Leah C Katzelnick, Cameron Adams, Laura White, Aravinda M de Silva, Jacqueline Deen, Anna Lena Lopez
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
The risk of developing virologically confirmed dengue after a single dose of CYD-TDV varied by baseline DENV serostatus. Since the study assessed the effect of only a single dose, the findings cannot inform decisions on vaccination by public health officers. However, the findings have implications for children who receive an incomplete vaccination regimen and these results should prompt more detailed analyses in future trials on dengue vaccines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Mohd Shafiq Aazmi, Muhammad Nazri Aziz, Noor ‘Adilah Kamarudin, Jamal I-Ching Sam, Ravindran Thayan, Wan Rozita Wan Mahiyuddin, Wan Noraini Wan Mohamed Noor, Adelina Cheong, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Jean Khor, Eva Nabiha Zamri, Jia-Yong Lam, Zamberi Sekawi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
by Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Mohd Shafiq Aazmi, Muhammad Nazri Aziz, Noor ‘Adilah Kamarudin, Jamal I-Ching Sam, Ravindran Thayan, Wan Rozita Wan Mahiyuddin, Wan Noraini Wan Mohamed Noor, Adelina Cheong, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Jean Khor, Eva Nabiha Zamri, Jia-Yong Lam, Zamberi Sekawi Background and objectives While influenza circulates year-round in Malaysia, research data on its incidence is scarce. Yet, this information is vital to the improvement of public health through evidence-based policies. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the trends and financial costs of influenza. Methods Data for the years 2016 through 2018 were gathered retrospectively from several sources. These were existing Ministry of Health (MOH) influenza sentinel sites data, two teaching hospitals, and two private medical institutions in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Expert consensus determined the final estimates of burden for laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Economic burden was estimated separately using secondary data supplemented by MOH casemix costing. Results Altogether, data for 11,652 cases of ILI and 5,764 cases of SARI were extracted. The influenza B subtype was found to be predominant in 2016, while influenza A was more prevalent in 2017 and 2018. The distribution timeline revealed that the highest frequency of cases occurred in March and April of all three years. The costs of influenza amounted to MYR 310.9 million over the full three-year period. Conclusions The study provides valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of influenza in Malaysia. The findings reveal a consistent year-round presence of influenza with irregular seasonal peaks, including a notable influenza A epidemic in 2017 and consistent surges in influenza B incidence during March across three years. These findings underscore the significance of continuous monitoring influenza subtypes for informed healthcare strategies as well as advocate for the integration of influenza vaccination into Malaysia’s national immunization program, enhancing overall pandemic preparedness.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSurya Paudel, Ilias Apostolakos, Ronald Vougat Ngom, Giuditta Tilli, Helena C. de Carvalho Ferreira, Alessandra Piccirillo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
by Surya Paudel, Ilias Apostolakos, Ronald Vougat Ngom, Giuditta Tilli, Helena C. de Carvalho Ferreira, Alessandra Piccirillo Colibacillosis, a disease caused by Escherichia coli in broiler chickens has serious implications on food safety, security, and economic sustainability. Antibiotics are required for treating the disease, while vaccination and biosecurity are used for its prevention. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted under the COST Action CA18217—European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment (ENOVAT), aimed to assess the efficacy of E. coli vaccination in broiler production and provide evidence-based recommendations. A comprehensive search of bibliographic databases, including, PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science and Agricola, yielded 2,722 articles. Following a defined protocol, 39 studies were selected for data extraction. Most of the studies were experimental infection trials, with only three field studies identified, underscoring the need for more field-based research. The selected studies reported various types of vaccines, including killed (n = 5), subunit (n = 8), outer membrane vesicles/protein-based (n = 4), live/live-attenuated (n = 16), and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (n = 6) vaccines. The risk of bias assessment revealed that a significant proportion of studies reporting mortality (92.3%) or feed conversion ratio (94.8%) as outcomes, had “unclear” regarding bias. The meta-analysis, focused on live-attenuated and CpG ODN vaccines, demonstrated a significant trend favoring both vaccination types in reducing mortality. However, the review also highlighted the challenges in reproducing colibacillosis in experimental setups, due to considerable variation in challenge models involving different routes of infection, predisposing factors, and challenge doses. This highlights the need for standardizing the challenge model to facilitate comparisons between studies and ensure consistent evaluation of vaccine candidates. While progress has been made in the development of E. coli vaccines for broilers, further research is needed to address concerns such as limited heterologous protection, practicability for application, evaluation of efficacy in field conditions and adoption of novel approaches.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMingzhu Huang, Tingting Cui, Siyi Liu, Xiaoling Su, Yuan Wang, Junxiang Wang, Jiaying Zhong, Jinpeng Cao, Xinyue Mei, Kaiyi Li, Qi Luo, Xi Sun, Li Cheng, Rui Wei, Zhuxiang Zhao, Zhongfang Wang
Journal of Medical Virology, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Yu‐Min Kuo, Chun‐Min Kang, Zhi‐Yun Lai, Ting‐Yu Huang, Shiang‐Jong Tzeng, Chih‐Chieh Hsu, Shey‐Ying Chen, Song‐Chou Hsieh, Jean‐San Chia, Chiau‐Jing Jung, Po‐Ren Hsueh
Journal of Medical Virology, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background Immunosuppressed individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), are at high risk for severe COVID-19.Methods This open-label, phase 3b trial evaluated mRNA-1273 in 137 adult kidney and 77 liver SOTRs and 20 immunocompetent participants. In Part A, SOTRs received three 100-µg doses of mRNA-1273; immunocompetent participants received 2 doses. In Part B, an additional 100-µg dose was offered ≥4 months post-primary series. Here, we report interim trial results.Results mRNA-1273 was well-tolerated in SOTRs. Four serious adverse events were considered vaccine-related by the investigator in 3 SOTRs with pre-existing comorbidities. No vaccine-related biopsy-proven organ rejection events or deaths were reported. mRNA-1273 elicited modest neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses after dose 2 and improved responses after dose 3 in SOTRs. Post-dose 3 responses among liver SOTRs were comparable to post-dose 2 responses in immunocompetent participants. Post-additional dose responses were increased in SOTRs regardless of the primary series vaccination. In liver SOTRs, post-additional dose responses were ∼3-fold higher versus post-dose 2 but were lower than immunocompetent participant responses. Most kidney SOTRs received multiple immunosuppressants and had reduced antibody responses versus liver SOTRs.Conclusions mRNA-1273 (100 µg) was well-tolerated and dose 3 and the additional dose improved antibody responses among SOTRs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background There is a significant increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection reports in various countries. However, the trend of reinfection rate over time is not clear. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang for cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies up to March 16, 2023, to conduct a meta-analysis of global SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate. Subgroup analyses were performed for age, country, study type, and study population, and time-varying reinfection rates of SARS-CoV-2 were estimated using meta-regression. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Result A total of 55 studies involving 111,846 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection were included. The pooled SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate was 0.94% (95% CI: 0.65 -1.35%). In the subgroup analyses, there were statistically significant differences in the pooled reinfection rates by reinfection variant, and study type (P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYue Yat Harrison Cheung, Eric Ho Yin Lau, Guosheng Yin, Yun Lin, Jialiang Jiang, Benjamin John Cowling, Kwok Fai Lam
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
As of July 26th, 2023, the novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), has caused more than 768 million confirmed infection cases of COVID-19, resulting in over 6.9 million associated fatalities globally [1]. Over the course of the long battle with the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccinations [2-3] and oral antivirals [4-5] have been developed to contain the spread of the disease and reduce the risk of developing severe conditions. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the “gold standard” [6] of identifying the causal effects of COVID-19 vaccinations and oral antivirals, they have the limitations of short observational periods [7], and sometimes, limited sample sizes [8].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedStehlik, P., Dowsett, C., Camacho, X., Falster, M. O., Lim, R., Nasreen, S., Pratt, N. L., Pearson, S.-A., Henry, D.
BMJ Open, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
BackgroundEarly evidence on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy came from randomised trials. Many important questions subsequently about vaccine effectiveness (VE) have been addressed using real-world studies (RWS) and have informed most vaccination policies globally. As the questions about VE have evolved during the pandemic so have data, study design, and analytical choices. This scoping review aims to characterise this evolution and provide insights for future pandemic planning—specifically, what kinds of questions are asked at different stages of a pandemic, and what data infrastructure and methods are used? Methods and analysisWe will identify relevant studies in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health VIEW-hub database, which curates both published and preprint VE RWS identified from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the WHO COVID Database, MMWR, Eurosurveillance, medRxiv, bioRxiv, SSRN, Europe PMC, Research Square, Knowledge Hub, and Google. We will include RWS of COVID-19 VE that reported COVID-19-specific or all-cause mortality (coded as ‘death’ in the ‘effectiveness studies’ data set). Information on study characteristics; study context; data sources; design and analytic methods that address confounding will be extracted by single reviewer and checked for accuracy and discussed in a small group setting by methodological and analytic experts. A timeline mapping approach will be used to capture the evolution of this body of literature. By describing the evolution of RWS of VE through the COVID-19 pandemic, we will help identify options for VE studies and inform policy makers on the minimal data and analytic infrastructure needed to support rapid RWS of VE in future pandemics and of healthcare strategies more broadly. Ethics and disseminationAs data is in the public domain, ethical approval is not required. Findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and working-papers to policy makers. Registrationhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZHDKR
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWojciech Trzebiński, Jerzy Trzebiński
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Wojciech Trzebiński, Jerzy Trzebiński Vaccine \'unnaturalness\' (artificiality) is one of the major anti-vaccine arguments raised in public debate. Therefore, health communication should rebut unnaturalness arguments and be cautious when emphasizing human intervention (e.g., advanced vaccine technology), which may entail perceiving vaccines as artificial. Understanding how the relationship between perceived vaccine artificiality and vaccination intent differs across social groups can help enforce the above health communication efforts by focusing them on specific audiences. The objective of the current paper is to assess the moderating role of a particular socio-cultural factor—vertical collectivism (reflecting the orientation on social hierarchy)—in the relationship between perceived vaccine artificiality and vaccination intent. It is proposed that vertical collectivism diminishes the negative effect of perceived vaccine artificiality. Two studies with European young adults measured COVID-19 vaccination intent and vertical collectivism. Study 1 (N = 418) was correlational, measuring perceived vaccine artificiality. The data were analyzed with a moderation model. Study 2 (N = 203) was experimental, manipulating perceived vaccine artificiality by human-intervention appeal (i.e., emphasizing human intervention in vaccine development and operation). The data were analyzed with moderation and moderated mediation models. Study 1 demonstrated that the effect of perceived vaccine artificiality on vaccination intent was less negative when the level of vertical collectivism was higher. In Study 2, with higher levels of vertical collectivism, the effect of human-intervention appeal on vaccination intent was less negative, and the indirect effect through perceived vaccine artificiality turned even positive. Those results contribute to the fields of perceived naturalness/artificiality, vaccination behavior, health communication, and cultural dimensions theory, providing empirical evidence that the negative effect of perceived vaccine artificiality on vaccination intent is diminished by vertical collectivism, as proposed. Health practitioners are guided on how to consider different levels of collectivism of their audiences while referring to vaccine artificiality in their communication. Specifically, it is suggested that rebutting \'unnaturalness\' anti-vaccine arguments should be focused on people low in vertical collectivism, and messages featuring human intervention (e.g., a vaccine’s technological advancement) should be targeted at people high in vertical collectivism.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlexis Koskan, Linda Larkey, Michael Todd, Sunny Wonsun Kim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Alexis Koskan, Linda Larkey, Michael Todd, Sunny Wonsun Kim COVID-19 vaccines, currently available to children over six months old, are a powerful method of reducing the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and death. However, vaccination rates among Hispanic children remain suboptimal, primarily due to parental vaccine hesitancy. Health communication researchers have suggested using culturally aligned storytelling to reduce vaccine hesitancy; however, few studies have evaluated this approach for Hispanic parents of unvaccinated children. Working with community health workers, we will engage Hispanic parents who were previously hesitant to vaccinate their child(ren) against COVID-19 but currently support vaccination. We will ask them to share their stories of conversion in COVID-19 vaccine perspectives to help other parents overcome their mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines. We will then assess the feasibility and acceptability of a web-based pilot digital storytelling intervention based on these conversion stories vs. an information-only control among 80 parents and/or legal guardians of children who are not up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccines. We will also examine pre- to post-intervention changes in vaccine perceptions, hesitancy, intentions, and uptake of children’s COVID-19 vaccination at two months post-intervention. If our pilot study demonstrates feasibility and acceptability while reducing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccine uptake, we will conduct a full-scale randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of the DST intervention to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
Abstract Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) provide strong direct protection in children, while limited data are available on their indirect effect on mortality among older age groups. This multi-country study aimed to assess the population-level impact of pediatric PCVs on all-cause pneumonia mortality among ≥5 years of age, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases in Chile.Methods Demographic and mortality data from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico were collected considering the ≥ 5-year-old population, from 2000-2019, with 1,795,789 deaths due to all-cause pneumonia. IPD cases in Chile were also evaluated. Time series models were employed to evaluate changes in all-cause pneumonia deaths during the post-vaccination period, with other causes of death used as synthetic controls for unrelated temporal trends.Results No significant change in death rates due to all-cause pneumonia was detected following PCV introduction among most age groups and countries. The proportion of IPD cases caused by vaccine serotypes decreased from 29% (2012) to 6% (2022) among ≥65 years in Chile.Discussion While an effect of PCV against pneumonia deaths (a broad clinical definition that may not be specific enough to measure indirect effects) was not detected, evidence of indirect PCV impact was observed among vaccine-type-specific IPD cases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
This self-controlled case series evaluates stroke risk after administration of either brand of the COVID-19 bivalent vaccine, either brand of the COVID-19 bivalent plus a high-dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccine on the same day, and a high-dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccine in Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
Abstract Background The burden of herpes zoster (shingles) virus and associated complications, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, is higher in older adults and has a significant impact on quality of life. The incidence of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to an age-matched general population, including PLWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) with no detectable viremia and normal CD4 counts. PLWH – even on effective ART may- exhibit sustained immune dysfunction, as well as defects in cells involved in the response to vaccines. In the context of herpes zoster, it is therefore important to assess the immune response to varicella zoster virus vaccination in older PLWH and to determine whether it significantly differs to that of HIV-uninfected healthy adults or younger PLWH. We aim at bridging these knowledge gaps by conducting a multicentric, international, non-randomised clinical study (SHINGR’HIV) with prospective data collection after vaccination with an adjuvant recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in two distinct populations: in PLWH on long-term ART (> 10 years) over 50 years of and age/gender matched controls. Methods We will recruit participants from two large established HIV cohorts in Switzerland and in France in addition to age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls. Participants will receive two doses of RZV two months apart. In depth-evaluation of the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses and safety profile of the RZV will be performed to address the combined effect of aging and potential immune deficiencies due to chronic HIV infection. The primary study outcome will compare the geometric mean titer (GMT) of gE-specific total IgG measured 1 month after the second dose of RZV between different age groups of PLWH and between PLWH and age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls. Discussion The SHINGR’HIV trial will provide robust data on the immunogenicity and safety profile of RZV in older PLWH to support vaccination guidelines in this population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05575830. Registered on 12 October 2022. Eu Clinical Trial Register (EUCT number 2023-504482-23-00).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVan Genechten, T., De Laere, M., Van den Bossche, J., Stein, B., De Rycke, k., Deschepper, C., Hazes, K., Peeters, R., Couttenye, M.-M., Van De Walle, K., Roelant, E., Maes, S., Vanden Bossche, S., Dekeyzer, S., Huizing, M., Caluwaert, K., Nijs, G., Cools, N., Verlooy, J., Norga, K., Verhulst, S., Anguille, S., Berneman, Z., Lion, E.
BMJ Open, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
IntroductionDiffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and paediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) are aggressive glial tumours, for which conventional treatment modalities fall short. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is being investigated as a promising and safe adjuvant therapy. The Wilms’ tumour protein (WT1) is a potent target for this type of antigen-specific immunotherapy and is overexpressed in DIPG and pHGG. Based on this, we designed a non-randomised phase I/II trial, assessing the feasibility and safety of WT1 mRNA-loaded DC (WT1/DC) immunotherapy in combination with conventional treatment in pHGG and DIPG. Methods and analysis10 paediatric patients with newly diagnosed or pretreated HGG or DIPG were treated according to the trial protocol. The trial protocol consists of leukapheresis of mononuclear cells, the manufacturing of autologous WT1/DC vaccines and the combination of WT1/DC-vaccine immunotherapy with conventional antiglioma treatment. In newly diagnosed patients, this comprises chemoradiation (oral temozolomide 90 mg/m2 daily+radiotherapy 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions) followed by three induction WT1/DC vaccines (8–10x106 cells/vaccine) given on a weekly basis and a chemoimmunotherapy booster phase consisting of six 28-day cycles of oral temozolomide (150–200 mg/m2 on days 1–5) and a WT1/DC vaccine on day 21. In pretreated patients, the induction and booster phase are combined with best possible antiglioma treatment at hand. Primary objectives are to assess the feasibility of the production of mRNA-electroporated WT1/DC vaccines in this patient population and to assess the safety and feasibility of combining conventional antiglioma treatment with the proposed immunotherapy. Secondary objectives are to investigate in vivo immunogenicity of WT1/DC vaccination and to assess disease-specific and general quality of life. Ethics and disseminationThe ethics committee of the Antwerp University Hospital and the University of Antwerp granted ethics approval. Results of the clinical trial will be shared through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentations at conferences. Trial registration numberNCT04911621
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFekadu, H., Mekonnen, W., Adugna, A., Kloos, H., HaileMariam, D.
BMJ Open, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
IntroductionDespite Ethiopia’s policy intention to provide recommended vaccination services to underprivileged populations, inequity in polio immunisation persists. ObjectiveThis study examined inequity and trends in polio immunisation and determinant factors among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019. MethodsCross-sectional data from 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health surveys were analysed with the updated version of the WHO’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software. Six standard equity measures: equity gaps, equity ratios, population attributable risk, population attributable fraction, slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality were used. Datasets were analysed and disaggregated by the five equality stratifiers: economic status, education, place of residence, sex of the child and regions. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinant factors. ResultsPolio immunisation coverage was increased from 34.5% (2000) to 60.0% (2019). The wealth index-related inequity, in coverage of polio immunisation between quintiles 5 and 1, was 20 percentage points for most surveys. The population attributable risk and population attributable fraction measure in 2011 indicate that the national polio immunisation coverage in that year could have been improved by nearly 36 and 81 percentage points, respectively, if absolute and relative wealth-driven inequity, respectively, had been avoided. The absolute difference between Addis Ababa and Afar Region was 74 percentage points in 2000 and 60 percentage points in 2019. In multilevel analysis result, individual-level factors like wealth index, maternal education antenatal care and place of delivery showed statistical significance. ConclusionAlthough polio immunisation coverage gradually increased over time, in the 20-year survey periods, still 40% of children remained unvaccinated. Inequities in coverage by wealth, educational status, urban–rural residence and administrative regions persisted. Increasing service coverage and improving equitable access to immunisations services may narrow the existing inequity gaps.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHsiao-Hui Tsou, Fang-Jing Lee, Shiow-Ing Wu, Byron Fan, Hsiao-Yu Wu, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ya-Ting Hsu, Chieh Cheng, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Wei-Ming Jiang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Wei J. Chen, Chao A. Hsiung, Pau-Chung Chen, Huey-Kang Sytwu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Hsiao-Hui Tsou, Fang-Jing Lee, Shiow-Ing Wu, Byron Fan, Hsiao-Yu Wu, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ya-Ting Hsu, Chieh Cheng, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Wei-Ming Jiang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Wei J. Chen, Chao A. Hsiung, Pau-Chung Chen, Huey-Kang Sytwu Background Taiwan was a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outlier, with an extraordinarily long transmission-free record: 253 days without locally transmitted infections while the rest of the world battled wave after wave of infection. The appearance of the alpha variant in May 2021, closely followed by the delta variant, disrupted this transmission-free streak. However, despite low vaccination coverage (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaja Stosic, Dragana Plavsa, Verica Jovanovic, Marko Veljkovic, Dragan Babic, Aleksandra Knezevic, Vladan Saponjic, Dragana Dimitrijevic, Miljan Rancic, Marija Milic, Tatjana Adzic-Vukicevic
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Maja Stosic, Dragana Plavsa, Verica Jovanovic, Marko Veljkovic, Dragan Babic, Aleksandra Knezevic, Vladan Saponjic, Dragana Dimitrijevic, Miljan Rancic, Marija Milic, Tatjana Adzic-Vukicevic Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) are estimated to be the cause of death in about 19% of all children younger than 5 years globally. The outbreak of coronaviral disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, increased considerably the burden of SARI worldwide. We used data from a vaccine effectiveness study to identify the factors associated with SARS CoV-2 infection among hospitalized SARI patients. We recruited SARI patients at 3 hospitals in Serbia from 7 April 2022–1 May 2023. We collected demographic and clinical data from patients using a structured questionnaire, and all SARI patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. We conducted an unmatched test negative case-control study. SARS-CoV-2 infected SARI patients were considered cases, while SARS CoV-2 negative SARI patients were controls. We conducted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis in order to identify variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We included 110 SARI patients: 74 were cases and 36 controls. We identified 5 factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity, age (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01–1.07), having received primary COVID-19 vaccine series (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.09–0.88), current smoking (OR = 8.64; 95% CI = 2.43–30.72), previous SARS CoV-2 infection (OR = 3.48; 95% CI = 1.50–8.11) and number of days before seeking medical help (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.64–1.02). In Serbia during a period of Omicron circulation, we found that older age, unvaccinated, hospitalized SARI patients, previously infected with SARS CoV-2 virus and those who smoked, were more likely to be SARS-CoV-2-positive; these patient populations should be prioritized for COVID vaccination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Abstract Background The outbreaks of circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Viruses (cVDPVs) have emerged as a major challenge for the final stage of polio eradication. In Yemen, an explosive outbreak of cVDPV2 was reported from August 2021 to December 2022. This study aims to compare the patterns of cVDPV2 outbreak, response measures taken by health authorities, and impacts in southern and northern governorates. Method A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of VDPV2 was performed. The data related to cVDPV2 as well as stool specimens and environmental samples that were shipped to WHO-accredited labs were collected by staff of surveillance. Frequencies and percentages were used to characterize and compare the confirmed cases from the southern and northern governorates. The average delayed time as a difference in days between the date of sample collection and lab confirmation was calculated. Results The cVDPV2 was isolated from 227 AFP cases reported from 19/23 Yemeni governorates and from 83% (39/47) of environmental samples with an average of 7 months delayed from sample collection. However, the non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and adequate stool specimen rates in the north were 6.7 and 87% compared to 6.4 and 87% in the south, 86% (195) and 14%(32) out of the total 227 confirmed cases were detected from northern and southern governorates, respectively. The first and second cases of genetically linked isolates experienced paralysis onset on 30 August and 1st September 2021. They respectively were from Taiz and Marib governorates ruled by southern authorities that started vaccination campaigns as a response in February 2022. Thus, in contrast to 2021, the detected cases in 2022 from the total cases detected in the south were lower accounting for 22% (7 of 32) of compared to 79% (155 of 195) of the total cases the north. Conclusion A new emerging cVDPV2 was confirmed in Yemen. The result of this study highlighted the impact of vaccination campaigns in containing the cVDPV2 outbreak. Maintaining a high level of immunization coverage and switching to nOPV2 instead of tOPV and mOPV2 in campaigns are recommended and environmental surveillance should be expanded in such a risky country.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract The most recent Sudan virus (SUDV) outbreak in Uganda was first detected in September 2022 and resulted in 164 laboratory-confirmed cases and 77 deaths. There are no approved vaccines against SUDV. Here, we investigated the protective efficacy of ChAdOx1-biEBOV in cynomolgus macaques using a prime or a prime-boost regimen. ChAdOx1-biEBOV is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector encoding SUDV and Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoproteins (GPs). Intramuscular vaccination induced SUDV and EBOV GP-specific IgG responses and neutralizing antibodies. Upon challenge with SUDV, vaccinated animals showed signs of disease like those observed in control animals, and no difference in survival outcomes were measured among all three groups. Viral load in blood samples and in tissue samples obtained after necropsy were not significantly different between groups. Overall, this study highlights the importance of evaluating vaccines in multiple animal models and demonstrates the importance of understanding protective efficacy in both animal models and human hosts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background The role of serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 has evolved during the pandemic as seroprevalence in global populations has increased. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) serology literature and construct updated best practice guidance related to SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. This guideline is an update to the fourth in a series of rapid, frequently updated COVID-19 guidelines developed by IDSA.Objective To develop evidence-based recommendations and identify unmet research needs pertaining to the use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for diagnosis, decisions related to vaccination and administration of monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma in immunocompromised patients, and identification of a serologic correlate of immunity.Methods A multidisciplinary panel of infectious diseases clinicians, clinical microbiologists and experts in systematic literature reviewed, identified, and prioritized clinical questions related to the use of SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence and make testing recommendations.Results The panel recommends against serologic testing to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first two weeks after symptom onset (strong recommendations, low certainty of evidence). Serologic testing should not be used to provide evidence of COVID-19 in symptomatic patients with a high clinical suspicion and repeatedly negative nucleic acid amplification test results (strong recommendation, very low certainty of evidence). Serologic testing may assist with the diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (strong recommendation, very low certainty of evidence). To seek evidence for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the panel suggests testing for IgG, IgG/IgM, or total antibodies to nucleocapsid protein three to five weeks after symptom onset (conditional recommendation, low certainty of evidence). In individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, we suggest against routine serologic testing given no demonstrated benefit to improving patient outcomes (conditional recommendation, very low certainty of evidence.) The panel acknowledges further that a negative spike antibody test may be a useful metric to identify immunocompromised patients who are candidates for immune therapy.Conclusions The high seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 worldwide limits the utility of detecting anti-SARS CoV-2 antibody. The certainty of available evidence supporting the use of serology for diagnosis was graded as very low to low. Future studies should use serologic assays calibrated to a common reference standard.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMargaret L. Walsh-Buhi, Rebecca F. Houghton, Danny Valdez, Eric R. Walsh-Buhi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Margaret L. Walsh-Buhi, Rebecca F. Houghton, Danny Valdez, Eric R. Walsh-Buhi The purpose of this research was to examine individual differences related to fear of, perceived susceptibility to, and perceived severity of mpox as well as mpox knowledge, fear, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity as predictors of vaccine intention in a national survey of U.S. adults (aged ≥18 years). Address-based sampling (ABS) methods were used to ensure full coverage of all households in the nation, reflecting the 2021 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Internet-based surveys were self-administered by Ipsos between September 16–26, 2022. N = 1018 participants completed the survey. The survey included items, based partially on the Health Belief Model, assessing vaccine intention (1 item; responses from 1 [Definitely not] to 5 [Definitely]), fear of mpox (7-item scale; α = .89; theoretical mean = 7–35), perceived susceptibility to mpox (3-item scale; α = .85; theoretical mean = 3–15), and perceived severity of mpox (4-item scale; α = .65; theoretical mean = 4–20). Higher scores indicate greater fear, susceptibility, and severity. One-way ANOVAs were run to examine mean score differences by demographic groups (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation), and multiple regression analyses assessed the relationship between predictors (mpox knowledge, susceptibility/severity, fear) and a single outcome (vaccination intention), while controlling for demographic covariates. Sampling weights were applied to all analyses. Only 1.8% (n = 18) of respondents reported having received the mpox vaccine. While mpox vaccine intention was low (M = 2.09, SD = 0.99), overall differences between racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups were statistically significant. Fear of mpox was very low (M = 13.13, SD = 5.33), and there were overall statistically significant differences in both fear and perceived severity among gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups. While respondents reported not feeling very susceptible to mpox (M = 5.77, SD = 2.50), they generally rated mpox as just above the theoretical mean in terms of severity (M = 11.01, SD = 2.85). Mpox knowledge, fear, severity, and susceptibility, as well as race/ethnicity, were all statistically significant predictors of intention to vaccinate, with susceptibility representing the strongest predictor. Overall, Americans’ vaccination for mpox/vaccine intent was low. Gay/lesbian and racial/ethnic minority respondents felt more susceptible to and viewed mpox more severely, compared with heterosexual and White respondents, respectively. These data may be used to tailor risk and prevention (e.g., vaccination) interventions, as cases continue to surge in the current global mpox outbreak. Greater perceptions of susceptibility, severity, and fear about mpox exist largely among minority populations. While public health messaging to promote mpox vaccination can focus on improving knowledge, as well as addressing fear and perceived severity of, and susceptibility to, mpox, such messages should be carefully crafted to prevent disproportionate negative effects on marginalized communities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
Publication date: Available online 14 March 2024 Source: Immunity Author(s): M. Alejandra Tortorici, Amin Addetia, Albert J. Seo, Jack Brown, Kaiti Sprouse, Jenni Logue, Erica Clark, Nicholas Franko, Helen Chu, David Veesler
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
Abstract Purpose Vaccinations are essential in minimizing the effects of global health crises including COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the potential association between COVID-19 vaccination and the occurrence of medium vessel vasculitis. Methods Several databases were utilized to conduct a comprehensive literature review. The studies were carefully evaluated to ensure their quality and eliminate any potential bias. Results After reviewing 935 search results and removing duplicates, we selected 10 case reports. We discovered that medium vessel vasculitis may occur after COVID-19 vaccination, typically appearing around 16.2 days after vaccination. The patients in the study had a median age of 43.5 years and were predominantly males (80%). Additionally, half of the cases were reported after the second dose of vaccination. Conclusions Vaccination-associated vasculitis is a rare yet possible complication of COVID-19 vaccination and lacks a clear treatment protocol.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
Abstract Introduction Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B has been recommended in Germany since 1995. WHO defines a primary vaccination series as successful if the initial hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) level is ≥ 10 IU/L directly after vaccination. Anti-HBs levels vary depending on the number of doses, type of vaccine, and time interval between the last two doses. In 2021, Germany began to recommend three instead of four doses of polyvalent hepatitis-B-containing vaccines. Our aim was to estimate the proportion of vaccinated children in Germany with anti-HBs levels
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHashan, M. R., Smoll, N., Chapman, G., King, C., Walker, J., Kirk, M., Akbar, D., Booy, R., Khandaker, G.
BMJ Open, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
ObjectiveWe aimed to define the epidemiology of COVID-19 outbreaks in aged care facilities (ACFs) during the postvaccine period, including vaccine effectiveness (VE) for this high-risk group. DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. Data sourcesOvid Medline, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched through 1 September 2023. Eligibility criteriaAny original observational studies and trials reporting data on COVID-19 outbreaks among the partially/fully vaccinated residents from ACFs during or after the worldwide implementation of vaccine roll-out. Data extraction and synthesisWe estimated the attack rate, case fatality rate, mortality rate and VE during postvaccine period. Random effect model was adopted for meta-analysis. Quality assessment on all included studies was performed using the Meta Quality Appraisal Tool. Results38 articles were included from 12 countries reporting 79 outbreaks with 1708 confirmed cases of COVID-19 from 78 ACFs. The pooled attack rate was 28% (95% CI 20% to 37%) among the fully vaccinated residents. Two-thirds (62.5%) of the index cases were unvaccinated healthcare professionals (eg, physicians, nurses) and caregivers. Unvaccinated residents had a significantly higher rates (12%) (95% CI 7% to 19%) of mortality compared with the vaccinated residents (2%) (95% CI% 1 to 4%) and the post-COVID-19 vaccine estimates for case fatality rate (13% vs 23%) and hospitalisation rate (17% vs 37%) were substantially lower. VE in preventing disease among residents in ACFs was 73% (95% CI 49% to 86). Overall, the included studies were heterogeneous in nature, however, the risk of bias was low to moderate. ConclusionsOur study reaffirmed the impact of vaccination as a key public health measure to minimise the burden of COVID-19 in ACFs. Facilities with higher crowding indexes should be prioritised for vaccination and should advocate for higher vaccination targets among staff and residents as a critical intervention strategy to minimise disease burden in this vulnerable population.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCharuai Suwanbamrung, Benchawan Srinam, Pakawan Promkool, Warissara Suwannakarn, Sangchom Siripanich, Md. Siddikur Rahman, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Charuai Suwanbamrung, Benchawan Srinam, Pakawan Promkool, Warissara Suwannakarn, Sangchom Siripanich, Md. Siddikur Rahman, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai Background The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed unprecedented suffering on social and individual levels worldwide. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been prioritized as a crucial strategy for ending the pandemic as well as minimizing its consequences. Objectives This study aimed to determine the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk urban populations in Southern Thailand using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) model. Methods We conducted a web-based cross-sectional study in the Hat Yai district, Songkhla province in Southern Thailand, in September and October 2021. The questionnaire was composed of sections on sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination status, and COM-B constructs. We employed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. We set statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results In this study, females constituted 54.7% of the total participants (n = 358), and nearly half of the participants (45.8%) were in the younger age group (18–29). Of all the participants, 59.5% (95%CI: 54.2%-64.6%) received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Factors associated with the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine and their adjusted OR (95% CI) were being married: 3.59 (2.06–6.24), having a graduate degree: 2.34 (1.38–3.96), gainfully employed: 3.30 (1.91–5.67), having a high level of opportunity: 2.90 (1.48–5.66), and having a high level of motivation: 2.87 (1.17–17.08). Conclusion The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines was moderate in this population. Moreover, the results showed that the COM-B model is useful in predicting COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The findings of this study could be used to aid future public health interventions in any event of outbreaks similar to COVID-19 disease in Thailand and beyond.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKyung-Shin Lee, Min Jin Go, Youn Young Choi, Min-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Seong, Ho Kyung Sung, Jaehyun Jeon, Hee-Chang Jang, Myoung-Hee Kim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Kyung-Shin Lee, Min Jin Go, Youn Young Choi, Min-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Seong, Ho Kyung Sung, Jaehyun Jeon, Hee-Chang Jang, Myoung-Hee Kim Background This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Korea, and examined the relationship between severe COVID-19 cases and underlying health conditions during the Delta (September 20, 2021 to December 4, 2021) and the Omicron (February 20, 2022 to March 31, 2022) predominant period. Methods This study assessed the association between critical COVID-19 illness and various risk factors, including a variety of underlying health conditions, using multiple logistic regression models based on the K-COV-N cohort, a nationwide data of confirmed COVID-19 cases linked with COVID-19 vaccination status and the National Health Insurance claim information. Results We analyzed 137,532 and 8,294,249 cases of COVID-19 infection during the Delta and the Omicron variant dominant periods, respectively. During the Delta as well as the Omicron period, old age (≥80 years) showed the largest effect size among risk factors for critical COVID-19 illness (aOR = 18.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.71–22.23 for the Delta; aOR = 24.07; 95% CI = 19.03–30.44 for the Omicron period). We found that patients with solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, unvaccinated, and interstitial lung disease had more than a two-fold increased risk of critical COVID-19 outcomes between the Delta and Omicron periods. However, risk factors such as urban residence, underweight, and underlying medical conditions, including chronic cardiac diseases, immunodeficiency, and mental disorders, had different effects on the development of critical COVID-19 illness between the Delta and Omicron periods. Conclusion We found that the severity of COVID-19 infection was much higher for the Delta variant than for the Omicron. Although the Delta and the Omicron variant shared many risk factors for critical illness, several risk factors were found to have different effects on the development of critical COVID-19 illness between those two variants. Close monitoring of a wide range of risk factors for critical illness is warranted as new variants continue to emerge during the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2024
Tilføjet 14.03.2024
Abstract Background To effectively promote vaccine uptake, it is important to understand which people are most and least inclined to be vaccinated and why. In this study, we examined predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination. Methods We conducted an online English-language survey study in December-2020, January-2021, and March-2021. A total of 930 US respondents completed all surveys. Multiple logistic regression models were run to test whether the early vaccine eligibility, demographic factors, and psychological factors predict getting at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination in January-2021 and in March-2021. Results The proportion of respondents who received ≥ 1-dose of a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 18% (January) to 67% (March). Older age predicted vaccine uptake in January (OR = 2.02[95%CI = 1.14–3.78], p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2024
Tilføjet 14.03.2024
Abstract Background A next-generation Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV-NG2) was developed using the same Pitman–Moore strain as in the licensed purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®) and the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV; Imovax Rabies®).Methods This dual-center, modified double-blind, phase III study in France evaluated immunogenic non-inferiority and safety of PVRV-NG2 with and without concomitant intramuscular human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), compared with PVRV+HRIG and HDCV+HRIG, in a simulated post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen. Healthy adults ≥18 years old (N=640) were randomized 3:1:1:1 to receive PVRV-NG2+HRIG, PVRV+HRIG, HDCV+HRIG, or PVRV-NG2 alone (administered as single vaccine injections on days [D] 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, with HRIG administered on D0 in applicable groups). Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA titers) were assessed pre- (D0) and post-vaccination (D14, D28, and D42) using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Non-inferiority, based on the proportion of participants achieving RVNA titers ≥0.5 IU/mL (primary objective), was demonstrated if the lower limit of the 95% CI of the difference in proportions between PVRV-NG2+HRIG and PVRV+HRIG/HDCV+HRIG was >−5% at D28. Safety was assessed up to 6 months after the last injection.Results The non-inferiority of PVRV-NG2+HRIG, compared with PVRV+HRIG and HDCV+HRIG, was demonstrated. Nearly all participants (99.6%, PVRV-NG2+HRIG; 100%, PVRV+HRIG; 98.7%, HDCV+HRIG; 100%, PVRV-NG2 alone) achieved RVNA titers ≥0.5 IU/mL at D28. Geometric mean titers were similar between groups with concomitant HRIG administration at all time points. Safety profiles were similar between PVRV-NG2 and comparator vaccines.Conclusions In a simulated PEP setting, PVRV-NG2+HRIG showed comparable immunogenicity and safety to current standard-of-care vaccines.Clinical Trials Registration NCT03965962.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 13.03.2024
Tilføjet 13.03.2024
Abstract Background Influenza viruses cause pneumonia in approximately one-third of cases, and pneumonia is an important cause of death. The aim was to identify risk factors associated with severity and those that could predict the development of pneumonia. Methods This retrospective, observational study included all adult patients with confirmed influenza virus infection admitted to Son Espases University Hospital during four influenza seasons in Spain (October to May) from to 2012–2016. Results Overall, 666 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were included, 93 (14%) of which were severe; 73 (10.9%) were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 39 (5.8%) died, and 185 (27.7%) developed pneumonia. Compared to less severe cases, patients with severe disease: were less vaccinated (40% vs. 28%, p = 0.021); presented with more confusion (26.9% vs. 6.8%), were more hypoxemic (Horowitz index (PaO2/FiO2) 261 vs. 280), had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (12.3 vs. 4.0), had more coinfections (26.8% vs. 6.3%) and had more pleural effusion (14% vs. 2.6%) (last six all p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 13.03.2024
Tilføjet 13.03.2024
Abstract Background To effectively promote vaccine uptake, it is important to understand which people are most and least inclined to be vaccinated and why. In this study, we examined predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination. Methods We conducted an online English-language survey study in December-2020, January-2021, and March-2021. A total of 930 US respondents completed all surveys. Multiple logistic regression models were run to test whether the early vaccine eligibility, demographic factors, and psychological factors predict getting at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination in January-2021 and in March-2021. Results The proportion of respondents who received ≥ 1-dose of a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 18% (January) to 67% (March). Older age predicted vaccine uptake in January (OR = 2.02[95%CI = 1.14–3.78], p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 13.03.2024
Tilføjet 13.03.2024
Abstract Background Despite vaccination, influenza and otitis media (OM) remain leading causes of illness. We previously found that the human respiratory commensal Haemophilus haemolyticus prevents bacterial infection in vitro and that the related murine commensal Muribacter muris delays OM development in mice. The observation that M muris pretreatment reduced lung influenza titer and inflammation suggests that these bacteria could be exploited for protection against influenza/OM.Methods Safety and efficacy of intranasal H haemolyticus at 5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) was tested in female BALB/cARC mice using an influenza model and influenza-driven nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) OM model. Weight, symptoms, viral/bacterial levels, and immune responses were measured.Results Intranasal delivery of H haemolyticus was safe and reduced severity of influenza, with quicker recovery, reduced inflammation, and lower lung influenza virus titers (up to 8-fold decrease vs placebo; P ≤ .01). Haemophilus haemolyticus reduced NTHi colonization density (day 5 median NTHi CFU/mL = 1.79 × 103 in treatment group vs 4.04 × 104 in placebo, P = .041; day 7 median NTHi CFU/mL = 28.18 vs 1.03 × 104; P = .028) and prevented OM (17% OM in treatment group, 83% in placebo group; P = .015).Conclusions Haemophilus haemolyticus has potential as a live biotherapeutic for prevention or early treatment of influenza and influenza-driven NTHi OM. Additional studies will deem whether these findings translate to humans and other respiratory infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 13.03.2024
Tilføjet 13.03.2024
Abstract Background In Denmark, a girls-only human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program was initiated in 2008–2009. The study aim was to assess the HPV prevalence and type distribution in younger men prior to HPV vaccination in men.Methods The study population was younger men who attended information days regarding military service. At random days (2019–2020), 280 men were included. We collected questionnaire data regarding risk factors for HPV infection and a penile swab for HPV testing. We compared results in this study with those from a previous study of young men (2006–2007).Results The majority of participants (94%) were 18–20 years old. The median number of lifetime sexual partners was 4. Altogether, 130 men (46.4%) were HPV positive. No infections with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 45 were detected. The most frequent type was HPV-51 (detected in 11.1%). Comparison showed that the odds of high-risk HPV type infection were higher in 2019–2020 (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1–2.7]) compared with 2006–2007. In contrast, the odds were lower (POR, 0.3 [95% CI, .1–.6]) for HPV types targeted by the 9-valent HPV vaccine.Conclusions The multicohort girls-only vaccination program has to a large degree protected young men against the HPV types included in the licensed vaccines. This does not speak against gender-neutral vaccination as the HPV prevalence is still high, although consisting largely of less carcinogenic HPV types.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.03.2024
Tilføjet 12.03.2024
Abstract Background Influenza viruses cause pneumonia in approximately one-third of cases, and pneumonia is an important cause of death. The aim was to identify risk factors associated with severity and those that could predict the development of pneumonia. Methods This retrospective, observational study included all adult patients with confirmed influenza virus infection admitted to Son Espases University Hospital during four influenza seasons in Spain (October to May) from to 2012–2016. Results Overall, 666 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were included, 93 (14%) of which were severe; 73 (10.9%) were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 39 (5.8%) died, and 185 (27.7%) developed pneumonia. Compared to less severe cases, patients with severe disease: were less vaccinated (40% vs. 28%, p = 0.021); presented with more confusion (26.9% vs. 6.8%), were more hypoxemic (Horowitz index (PaO2/FiO2) 261 vs. 280), had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (12.3 vs. 4.0), had more coinfections (26.8% vs. 6.3%) and had more pleural effusion (14% vs. 2.6%) (last six all p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 12.03.2024
Tilføjet 12.03.2024
Publication date: Available online 12 March 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Farhad Waseel, George Streftaris, Bhuvendhraa Rudrusamy, Sarat C. Dass
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.03.2024
Tilføjet 12.03.2024
Abstract Background Symptoms of COVID-19 including fatigue and dyspnea, may persist for weeks to months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study compared self-reported disability among SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative persons with mild to moderate COVID-19-like illness who presented for outpatient care before widespread COVID-19 vaccination. Methods Unvaccinated adults with COVID-19-like illness enrolled within 10 days of illness onset at three US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network sites were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by molecular assay. Enrollees completed an enrollment questionnaire and two follow-up surveys (7–24 days and 2–7 months after illness onset) online or by phone to assess illness characteristics and health status. The second follow-up survey included questions measuring global health, physical function, fatigue, and dyspnea. Scores in the four domains were compared by participants’ SARS-CoV-2 test results in univariate analysis and multivariable Gamma regression. Results During September 22, 2020 – February 13, 2021, 2712 eligible adults were enrolled, 1541 completed the first follow-up survey, and 650 completed the second follow-up survey. SARS-CoV-2-positive participants were more likely to report fever at acute illness but were otherwise comparable to SARS-CoV-2-negative participants. At first follow-up, SARS-CoV-2-positive participants were less likely to have reported fully or mostly recovered from their illness compared to SARS-CoV-2-negative participants. At second follow-up, no differences by SARS-CoV-2 test results were detected in the four domains in the multivariable model. Conclusion Self-reported disability was similar among outpatient SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative adults 2–7 months after illness onset.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSunpeng Duan, Yuedong Wang, Peter Kotanko, Hanjie Zhang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
by Sunpeng Duan, Yuedong Wang, Peter Kotanko, Hanjie Zhang Background In-center hemodialysis entails repeated interactions between patients and clinic staff, potentially facilitating the spread of COVID-19. We examined if in-center hemodialysis is associated with the spread of SARS-CoV-2 between patients. Methods Our retrospective analysis comprised all patients receiving hemodialysis in four New York City clinics between March 12th, 2020, and August 31st, 2022. Treatment-level clinic ID, dialysis shift, dialysis machine station, and date of COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR were documented. To estimate the donor-to-potential recipient exposure (“donor” being the COVID-19 positive patient denoted as “COV-Pos”; “potential recipient” being other susceptible patients in the same shift), we obtained the spatial coordinates of each dialysis station, calculated the Euclidean distances between stations and weighted the exposure by proximity between them. For each donor, we estimated the donor-to-potential recipient exposure of all potential recipients dialyzed in the same shift and accumulated the exposure over time within the ‘COV-Pos infectious period’ as cumulative exposures. The ‘COV-Pos infectious period’ started 5 days before COVID-19 diagnosis date. We deployed network analysis to assess these interactions and summarized the donor-to-potential recipient exposure in 193 network diagrams. We fitted mixed effects logistic regression models to test whether more donor-to-potential recipient exposure conferred a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Out of 978 patients, 193 (19.7%) tested positive for COVID-19 and had contact with other patients during the COV-Pos infectious period. Network diagrams showed no evidence that more exposed patients would have had a higher chance of infection. This finding was corroborated by logistic mixed effect regression (donor-to-potential recipient exposure OR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.17, p = 0.163). Separate analyses according to vaccination led to materially identical results. Conclusions Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between in-center hemodialysis patients is unlikely. This finding supports the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as universal masking and other procedures to control spread of COVID-19.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSuraj Singh Senjam, Souvik Manna, Garima Goel, Yatan Pal Singh Balhara, Animesh Ray, Yashdeep Gupta, Neiwete Lomi, Vivek Gupta, Praveen Vashist, Jeewan Singh Titiyal, Nitin Kashyap, Rajesh Kumar
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
by Suraj Singh Senjam, Souvik Manna, Garima Goel, Yatan Pal Singh Balhara, Animesh Ray, Yashdeep Gupta, Neiwete Lomi, Vivek Gupta, Praveen Vashist, Jeewan Singh Titiyal, Nitin Kashyap, Rajesh Kumar Background Conducting a study in rural pre-dominant areas will help to understand the penetration of the vaccination campaign during the COVID-19 health crisis. This study aimed to investigate vaccination coverage against COVID-19 among the rural adult population in India and to identify factors associated with vaccination coverage. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the rural population in one district of north India from January to February 2023. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed on the SurveyMonkey digital platform for interviewing the participants, which consisted of questions related to socio-demographic profile, health problems, vaccination status, types of vaccine, re-infection after vaccination, and functional difficulties. The data regarding infection with COVID-19 was collected based on self-reported positive testing for SARS-CoV 2 on RT-PCR. Findings A total of 3700 eligible individuals were enumerated for the survey, out of which 2954 (79.8%) were interviewed. The infection rate of past COVID-19 infection, based on self-report of testing positive, was 6.2% (95%CI: 5.3–7.1). Covishield vaccine was received by most participants (81.3%, 2380) followed by Covaxin (12.3%, 361) and Pfizer manufactured vaccine (0.03,1). The coverage for first, second, and booster doses of the vaccine was 98.2% (2902), 94.8% (2802), and 10.7% (315) respectively. The risk of reinfection at 12 months or more among participants with two doses of vaccine was 1.6% (46/2802, 95%CI: 1.2–2.1). The coverage among those with severe functional difficulties was lesser as compared to those with some or no difficulties. Interpretation Vaccination coverage against COVID-19 in rural Haryana, India is not dependent on factors like gender or occupation but is dependent on age and education. Although the full and partial vaccination coverage is high, the booster dose coverage is poor. In addition, the presence of severe disability was significantly associated with reduced vaccination coverage.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
Abstract Background Symptoms of COVID-19 including fatigue and dyspnea, may persist for weeks to months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study compared self-reported disability among SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative persons with mild to moderate COVID-19-like illness who presented for outpatient care before widespread COVID-19 vaccination. Methods Unvaccinated adults with COVID-19-like illness enrolled within 10 days of illness onset at three US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network sites were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by molecular assay. Enrollees completed an enrollment questionnaire and two follow-up surveys (7–24 days and 2–7 months after illness onset) online or by phone to assess illness characteristics and health status. The second follow-up survey included questions measuring global health, physical function, fatigue, and dyspnea. Scores in the four domains were compared by participants’ SARS-CoV-2 test results in univariate analysis and multivariable Gamma regression. Results During September 22, 2020 – February 13, 2021, 2712 eligible adults were enrolled, 1541 completed the first follow-up survey, and 650 completed the second follow-up survey. SARS-CoV-2-positive participants were more likely to report fever at acute illness but were otherwise comparable to SARS-CoV-2-negative participants. At first follow-up, SARS-CoV-2-positive participants were less likely to have reported fully or mostly recovered from their illness compared to SARS-CoV-2-negative participants. At second follow-up, no differences by SARS-CoV-2 test results were detected in the four domains in the multivariable model. Conclusion Self-reported disability was similar among outpatient SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative adults 2–7 months after illness onset.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
Abstract Background The latent and incubation periods characterize the transmission of infectious viruses and are the basis for the development of outbreak prevention and control strategies. However, systematic studies on the latent period and associated factors with the incubation period for SAS-CoV-2 variants are still lacking. We inferred the two durations of Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 cases and analyzed the associated factors. Methods The Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 (and its lineages BA.2.2 and BA.2.76) cases with clear transmission chains and infectors from 10 local SAS-CoV-2 epidemics in China were enrolled. The latent and incubation periods were fitted by the Gamma distribution, and associated factors were analyzed using the accelerated failure time model. Results The mean latent period for 672 Delta, 208 BA.1, and 677 BA.2 cases was 4.40 (95%CI: 4.24 ~ 4.63), 2.50 (95%CI: 2.27 ~ 2.76), and 2.58 (95%CI: 2.48 ~ 2.69) days, respectively, with 85.65% (95%CI: 83.40 ~ 87.77%), 97.80% (95%CI: 96.35 ~ 98.89%), and 98.87% (95%CI: 98.40 ~ 99.27%) of them starting to shed viruses within 7 days after exposure. In 405 Delta, 75 BA.1, and 345 BA.2 symptomatic cases, the mean latent period was 0.76, 1.07, and 0.79 days shorter than the mean incubation period [5.04 (95%CI: 4.83 ~ 5.33), 3.42 (95%CI: 3.00 ~ 3.89), and 3.39 (95%CI: 3.24 ~ 3.55) days], respectively. No significant difference was observed in the two durations between BA.1 and BA.2 cases. After controlling for the sex, clinical severity, vaccination history, number of infectors, the length of exposure window and shedding window, the latent period [Delta: exp(β) = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.66 ~ 0.98, p = 0.034; Omicron: exp(β) = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.71 ~ 0.94, p = 0.004] and incubation period [Delta: exp(β) = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.55 ~ 0.86, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
Abstract Background and objective Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of monkeypox’s zoonotic infection and was declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). Studies from different countries have shown insufficient knowledge among the general public on MPXV. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the general public of Nepal on MPXV. Methods Three hundred people were interviewed in person in October 2022, and 282 complete responses were recorded. The questionnaire related to the knowledge of MPXV was derived from a previous study conducted among the general population of Saudi Arabia. Twenty-two questions were included that assessed the knowledge and attitude of Nepalese toward monkeypox. Statistical comparison between high and low knowledge was performed using Pearson’s Chi-square test. Logistic regression models were deployed to establish the relationship between participants’ knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics. Results Among the total respondents, 53.8% demonstrated high knowledge of monkeypox. People aged 18–25 years, unmarried people, and those living in urban areas had significantly higher levels of knowledge. Most respondents believed that MPXV is not a conspiracy or bioterrorism (63.1%) and agreed that it is likely to affect people’s social and economic life as COVID-19 did (67.0%). The history of COVID-19 vaccination (aOR: 2.980; 95%CI: 1.227, 7.236) and the younger age (aOR: 2.975; 95%CI: 1.097, 8.069) were found to be significant determinants of the knowledge of the participants on monkeypox. Conclusion We observed that most Nepalese populations had a high knowledge of monkeypox and that social media was the most valuable source of information.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMuluken Chanie Agimas, Meron Asmamaw Alemayehu, Nebiyu Mekonnen Derseh, Fantu Mamo Aragaw, Daniel Alayu Shewaye
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
by Muluken Chanie Agimas, Meron Asmamaw Alemayehu, Nebiyu Mekonnen Derseh, Fantu Mamo Aragaw, Daniel Alayu Shewaye
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTheodoros V. Giannouchos, Nicole L. Hair, Bankole Olatosi, Xiaoming Li
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
by Theodoros V. Giannouchos, Nicole L. Hair, Bankole Olatosi, Xiaoming Li In the United States, most real-world estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness are based on data drawn from large health systems or sentinel populations. More data is needed to understand how the benefits of vaccination may vary across US populations with disparate risk profiles and policy contexts. We aimed to provide estimates of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against moderate and severe outcomes of COVID-19 based on state population-level data sources. Using statewide integrated administrative and clinical data and a test-negative case-control study design, we assessed mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits among adults in South Carolina. We presented estimates of vaccine effectiveness at discrete time intervals for adults who received one, two or three doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine compared to adults who were unvaccinated. We also evaluated changes in vaccine effectiveness over time (waning) for the overall sample and in subgroups defined by age. We showed that while two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were initially highly effective, vaccine effectiveness waned as time elapsed since the second dose. Compared to protection against hospitalizations, protection against emergency department visits was found to wane more sharply. In all cases, a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine conferred significant gains in protection relative to waning protection after two doses. Further, over more than 120 days of follow-up, the data revealed relatively limited waning of vaccine effectiveness after a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYu Liu, Miao Li, Tingting Cui, Zhian Chen, Liangting Xu, Wenjuan Li, Qinhua Peng, Xingxing Li, Danhua Zhao, C. Alexander Valencia, Biao Dong, Zhongfang Wang, Hoi Yee Chow, Yuhua Li
Journal of Medical Virology, 7.03.2024
Tilføjet 7.03.2024