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1
Prognostic significance of circulating Epstein‐Barr virus DNA in pulmonary lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma: a meta‐analysis and validation study
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
2
Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Cancer: Oncogenesis mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
3
Monitoring the progress towards the elimination of hepatitis B and C in Sweden: estimation of core indicators for 2015 and 2018
BMC Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Abstract Introduction To monitor Sweden’s progress towards the WHO goal of eliminating viral hepatitis, we estimated the prevalence, notification rate, and liver-related morbidity and mortality for diagnosed hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in 2015 and 2018. Methods We identified cases of hepatitis B and C within the National System for Notifiable Diseases and obtained data on treatment and whether the case was deceased or not. We calculated prevalence, notification rates per 100,000, and proportion of newly diagnosed cases of hepatitis with liver disease at the time of diagnosis, and proportion of all deceased cases who died from liver disease. We calculated Poisson 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around the notification rates and Wilson 95% CIs around prevalence and mortality estimates. Results In 2015 and 2018, the prevalence of diagnosed HBV infections was 0.20% [95% CI: 0.19–0.20] and 0.21% [0.20–0.21]. Notification rates per 100,000 for HBV infections were 13.02 [12.32–13.76] and 7.71 [7.18–8.27]. HBV liver-related morbidity was 2.65% [1.90–3.68] and 2.16% [1.35–3.43]. HBV liver-related mortality was 20.00% [14.81–26.44] and 17.95% [13.20–23.94]. In 2015 and 2018, the prevalence of diagnosed HCV-infections was 0.24% [0.24–0.25] and 0.18% [0.18–0.19]. Notification rates per 100,000 for HCV infections were 15.92 [15.14–16.73] and 13.05 [12.36–13.77]. HCV liver–related morbidity was 8.14% [6.89–9.60] and 3.90% [2.99–5.08]. HCV liver–related mortality was 27.08% [24.54–29.77] and 26.90% [24.12–29.88]. Conclusions All indicators decreased or remained stable between 2015 and 2018, indicating progress in the elimination of viral hepatitis, especially for HCV infection.
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4
Publisher Correction: Lessons learned and implications of early therapies for coronavirus disease in a territorial service centre in the Calabria region: a retrospective study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
5
Microbiological and clinical characteristics of invasive Group B Streptococcal blood stream infections in children and adults from Qatar
BMC Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Abstract Introduction Group B Streptococci (GBS) colonize almost one third of human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, particularly in females. The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiology, microbiological characteristics, and clinical outcomes of invasive GBS disease in Qatar from all age groups. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients with confirmed GBS blood stream infections during the period between January 2015 and March 2019. Microbiological identification was performed using automated BD PhoenixTM system, while additional antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using E test and disc diffusion methods. Result During the four years period, the incidence steadily rose from 1.48 to 2.09 cases per 100.000 population. Out of 196 confirmed cases of invasive GBS infections, the majority were females (63.7%, 125/196) of which 44.8% were pregnant and 53.6% were colonized. Three distinct affected age groups were identified: children ≤ 4 years of age (35.7%), young adults 25–34 (20.9%) and the elderly ≥ 65 year (17.4%). Presenting symptoms were mild with fever in 53% of cases while 89% of cases had Pitt bacteraemia score of ≤ 2. Isolates were universally sensitive to penicillin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin at 100% but with significant resistance to erythromycin (49%) and clindamycin (28.6%) while 16.8% had inducible clindamycin resistance. Clinical outcomes showed cure rate of 87.25% with complications in (8.76%) and 4% mortality. Conclusion There is a rising trend of Group B Streptococcal blood stream infections in Qatar with significantly high clindamycin and erythromycin resistance rates. Universal susceptibility rates were demonstrated for penicillin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin.
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6
Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and viral hepatitis B: A call for renewed global focus
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
7
Inborn errors of human IKAROS: LOF and GOF variants associated with primary immunodeficiency
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
SummaryIKAROS/IKZF1 plays a pivotal role in lymphocyte differentiation and development. Germline mutations in IKZF1, which have been shown to associated with primary immunodeficiency, can be classified through four different mechanisms of action depending on the protein expression and its functional defects: haploinsufficiency, dimerization defective, dominant negative, and gain-of-function. These different mechanisms are associated with variable degrees of susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, allergic diseases, and malignancies. To date, more than 30 heterozygous IKZF1 germline variants have been reported in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Here we review recent discoveries and clinical/immunological characterization of IKAROS-associated disorders that are linked to different mechanisms of action in IKAROS function.
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8
The comprehensive role of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage(AIM) in pathological conditions
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
SummaryCD5L/AIM(apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage), as an important component in maintaining tissue homeostasis and inflammation, is mainly produced and secreted by macrophages but partially dissociated and released from blood AIM-IgM. AIM plays a regulatory role in intracellular physiological mechanisms, including lipid metabolism and apoptosis. AIM not only increases in autoimmune diseases, directly targets liver cells in liver cancer and promotes cell clearance in acute kidney injury, but also causes arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular events, and aggravates inflammatory reactions in lung diseases and sepsis. Obviously, AIM plays a pleiotropic role in the body. However, to date, studies have failed to decipher the mechanisms behind its different roles (beneficial or harmful) in inflammatory regulation.The inflammatory response is a 'double-edged sword,' and maintaining balance is critical for effective host defense while minimizing the adverse side effects of acute inflammation. Enhancing the understanding of AIM function could provide the theoretical basis for new therapies in these pathological settings. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the roles of AIM in lipid metabolism, autoimmune diseases and organic tissues, such as liver cancer, myocardial infarction, and kidney disease.
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9
Cross-kingdom vitamin B5 biosynthesis and cyst nematode susceptibility
Trends in Parasitology, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Vitamin deficiencies are known to cause disorders in human beings. Siddique et al. discovered that vitamin B5 biosynthesis in cyst nematodes requires steps in their host plants. Disruption of an Arabidopsis thaliana ‘susceptibility gene’, which is involved in the production of vitamin B5 precursors, results in reduced parasitism.
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10
Quantifying and predicting ongoing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) transmission dynamics in Switzerland using a distance-based clustering approach
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundDespite effective prevention approaches, ongoing HIV-1 transmission remains a public health concern indicating a need for identifying its drivers.MethodsWe combine a network-based clustering method using evolutionary distances between viral sequences with statistical learning approaches to investigate the dynamics of HIV-1 transmission in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and to predict the drivers of ongoing transmission.ResultsWe find that only a minority of clusters and patients acquire links to new infections between 2007 and 2020. While the growth of clusters and the probability of individual patients acquiring new links in the transmission network was associated with epidemiological, behavioral and virological predictors, the strength of these associations decreased substantially when adjusting for network characteristics. Thus, these network characteristics can capture major heterogeneities beyond classical epidemiological parameters. When modeling the probability of a newly diagnosed patient being linked with future infections, we found that the best predictive performance (median AUCROC = 0.77) was achieved by models including characteristics of the network as predictors and that models excluding them performed substantially worse (median AUCROC = 0.54).ConclusionsThese results highlight the utility of molecular epidemiology-based network approaches for analysing and predicting ongoing HIV-1-transmission dynamics. This approach may serve for real-time prospective assessment of HIV-1-transmission.
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11
Production of a versatile SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease biosensor based on a dimerization‐dependent red fluorescent protein
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
12
2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak: early descriptions and open data
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
13
Molecular characterization of circulating DENV‐2 during outbreak in Northern Senegal's Saint‐Louis region in 2018
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
14
Dengue surge in Pakistan amidst the torrential rains: the threat of a potential outbreak
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
15
Development of an HiBiT‐tagged reporter H3N2 influenza A virus and its utility as an antiviral screening platform
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
16
Early warning signals for Omicron outbreaks in China: a retrospective study
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
17
The role of PRDM1 gene polymorphism in progression of Hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians patients
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
18
Immune Repertoire Sequencing Reveals an Abnormal Adaptive Immune System in COVID‐19 Survivors
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
19
Social network correlates of free and purchased insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Uganda
Malaria Journal, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Abstract Background Malaria is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Uganda. Despite Uganda’s efforts to distribute bed nets, only half of households have achieved the World Health Organization (WHO) Universal Coverage Criteria (one bed net for every two household members). The role of peer influence on bed net ownership remains underexplored. Data on the complete social network of households were collected in a rural parish in southwestern Uganda to estimate the association between household bed net ownership and peer household bed net ownership. Methods Data on household sociodemographics, bed net ownership, and social networks were collected from all households across one parish in southwestern Uganda. Bed nets were categorized as either purchased or free. Purchased and free bed net ownership ratios were calculated based on the WHO Universal Coverage Criteria. Using network name generators and complete census of parish residents, the complete social network of households in the parish was generated. Linear regression models that account for network autocorrelation were fitted to estimate the association between households’ bed net ownership ratios and bed net ownership ratios of network peer households, adjusting for sociodemographics and network centrality. Results One thousand seven hundred forty-seven respondents were interviewed, accounting for 716 households. The median number of peer households to which a household was directly connected was 7. Eighty-six percent of households owned at least one bed net, and 41% of households met the WHO Universal Coverage Criterion. The median bed net ownership ratios were 0.67 for all bed nets, 0.33 for free bed nets, and 0.20 for purchased bed nets. In adjusted multivariable models, purchased bed net ownership ratio was associated with average household wealth among peer households (b = 0.06, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10), but not associated with average purchased bed net ownership ratio of peer households. Free bed net ownership ratio was associated with the number of children under 5 (b = 0.08, 95% CI 0.05, 0.10) and average free bed net ownership ratios of peer households (b = 0.66, 95% CI 0.46, 0.85). Conclusions Household bed net ownership was associated with bed net ownership of peer households for free bed nets, but not for purchased bed nets. The findings suggest that public health interventions may consider leveraging social networks as tools for dissemination, particularly for bed nets that are provided free of charge.
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20
Direct evidence gap on fixed versus adjusted‐dose benznidazole for adults with chronic Chagas disease without cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and individual patient data meta‐analysis
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
21
Prevention of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infection with prophylactic antimicrobial lock solutions: why so little use?
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
For many years, I have been contacted by clinicians for advice managing adult and pediatric patients who have repeated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and whose lives depend on long-term central venous access for chemotherapy, hemodialysis, or parenteral nutrition. Despite these repeated infections, these patients did not have the benefit of prophylactic antimicrobial lock therapy. This may be a missed opportunity as there is an abundance of data in the literature to support this preventative measure for such patients, many of whom have limited alternative access sites.
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22
A man with a prepared mind1 – In commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of louis pasteur
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
This year marks the 200th anniversary of birth of Louis Pasteur, the scientist whose name has been immortalized by a series of ground-breaking discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of life and have brought a tremendous insight into the field of life sciences, including microbiology, chemistry, medicine, agriculture, and many others (Fig. 1).
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23
The heavy burden of covid-19-related mortality among the elderly in Corsica, 2020-2021
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
First cases of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were identified in France in January 2020 and on February 28, 2020, in Corsica, an island situated in the Mediterranean Sea. A major outbreak hit early the ultra-peripheral region in the following of three imported cases returning from religious gathering in mainland France. Corsica has one of the oldest population in the world and a limited beds capacity in its 2 hospitals. Therefore, the healthcare systems were rapidly overwhelmed by influx of difficult-to-transfer patients in particular elderly cases.
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24
Omicron variant: assessing the duration of viral shedding and its implications
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
The Omicron variant was first reported in South Africa on November 24, 2021 and has now spread to many countries [1]. Early evidence suggested reduced neutralisation antibody response of vaccines against infection with Omicron [2], raising a critical question about the infectiousness period following vaccination.
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25
Host nucleases generate prespacers for primed adaptation in the E. coli type I-E CRISPR-Cas system
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
26
Gammaherpesvirus infection drives age-associated B cells toward pathogenicity in EAE and MS
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
27
Hydrogel-guided strategies to stimulate an effective immune response for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
28
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Strain Selection: Guidance from Influenza
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractWhen first approved, many hoped that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would provide long-term protection after a primary series. Waning of immunity and continued appearance of new variants has made booster inoculations necessary. The process is becoming increasingly similar to that used for annual updating of the influenza vaccine. The similarity has become even more apparent with selection of BA.4/BA.5 as the Omicron strain of the updated bivalent (Original + Omicron) Covid-19 vaccines. It is hoped that, if Covid-19 develops winter seasonality, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will require only annual review to determine if updates are necessary. Recommendations on whom should receive the booster would be based on conditions at that time.
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29
The EPCR rs867186 gene polymorphism is associated with increased level of soluble EPCR and high risk of severe malaria and fatality in Beninese children
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractThe EPCR-rs867186-G allele has been linked to high plasma level of soluble-EPCR and controversially associated with either susceptibility or resistance to severe and cerebral malaria. In this study, quantitative-ELISA and sequencing were used to assess sEPCR levels and EPCR-rs867186 polymorphism in blood samples from Beninese children with different clinical presentations of malaria. Our findings show that sEPCR levels were higher at admission to hospital than during convalescence and that EPCR-rs867186-G-allele was associated with increased sEPCR plasma levels, severe malaria and mortality (p-values < .0001, = .03 and = .04, respectively), suggesting a role of sEPCR in the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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30
Deployment of a reservoir-targeted vaccine against Borreliella burgdorferi reduces the prevalence of Babesia microti coinfection in Ixodes scapularis ticks
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractIn the northeastern and upper Midwestern United States, Babesia microti and Borreliella burgdorferi use Ixodes scapularis ticks as vector and Peromyscus leucopus mice as major reservoir host. We previously established, in a 5-year field trial, that a reservoir-targeted OspA vaccine reduces the prevalence of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks. We accessed ticks and mouse blood samples collected during the trial, extracted DNA and amplified the B. microti 18S rRNA gene. Vaccine deployment reduced the prevalence of ticks coinfected with B. microti and that of mice infected with B. microti. Breaking the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi may reduce the incidence of babesiosis.
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31
Impact of Undernutrition on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in India: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Analysis
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
ABSTRACTBackgroundUndernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally. Its impact on treatment outcomes is poorly defined.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort analysis of adults with drug-sensitive pulmonary TB at five sites in the Regional Prospective Observational Research on Tuberculosis (RePORT) India consortium (2015-2019). Using multivariable Poisson regression, we assessed independent associations between unfavorable outcomes and nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) nutritional status at treatment initiation, BMI prior to TB disease, stunting, and stagnant or declining BMI after two months of TB treatment. Unfavorable outcome was defined as a composite of treatment failure, death, or relapse within 6 months of treatment completion.FindingsSevere undernutrition (BMI < 16 kg/m2) at treatment initiation and severe undernutrition before the onset of TB disease were both associated with unfavorable outcomes (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.91 and 2.20; 95% CI: 1.16-3.94, respectively). Additionally, lack of BMI increase after treatment initiation was associated with increased unfavorable outcomes (aIRR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.27-2.61). Severe stunting (height-for-age z-score < -3) was associated with unfavorable outcomes (aIRR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.00-2.24). Severe undernutrition at treatment initiation and lack of BMI increase during treatment were associated with a four and five-fold higher rate of death, respectively.InterpretationsPremorbid undernutrition, undernutrition at treatment initiation, lack of BMI increase after intensive therapy, and severe stunting are associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. These data highlight the need for addressing this widely prevalent TB comorbidity. Nutritional assessment should be integrated into standard TB care.
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32
Linezolid Population Pharmacokinetics to Improve Dosing in Cardiosurgical Patients: Factoring a New Drug-Drug Interaction Pathway
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundLinezolid-induced myelosuppression limits optimal therapy in cardiosurgical patients with deep-seated infections at current doses.MethodsAdult patients who received a cardiac surgery intervention and linezolid for a documented or presumed serious Gram-positive infection were evaluated. Therapeutic monitoring data, dosing, concomitant medications, and other pertinent laboratory data were collected retrospectively. A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed to identify covariates and test potential drug-drug interactions that may account for interpatient variability. Simulations from the final model identified doses that achieve a target therapeutic trough concentration of 2-8 mg/L.ResultsThis study included 150 patients (79.3% male) with sepsis and hospital acquired pneumonia in 71.7% as the primary indication. The population had a median (min-max) age, body weight and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 66 (30–85) years, 76 (45–130) kg and 46.8 (4.9–153.7) mL/min, respectively. The standard linezolid dosage regimen achieved the therapeutic range in only 54.7% of patients. Lower than standard doses were necessary in the majority of patients (77%). A two-compartment Michaellis-Menten clearance model with weight, kidney function, and the number of interacting drugs were identified as covariates that best fit the concentration-time data. Cyclosporine had the greatest effect on lowering the maximum elimination rate (Vmax) of linezolid. Empiric linezolid doses of 300 to 450 mg every 12 hours based on eGFR and the number of interacting medications is suggested by this analysis.ConclusionsLower empiric linezolid doses in cardiosurgical patients may avoid toxicities. Confirmatory studies are necessary to verify these potential drug interactions.
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33
Rectal culture-based versus empirical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infectious complications in men undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy: a randomized, non-blinded multicenter trial
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundAn increase of infections after transrectal prostate biopsy (PB), related to an increasing number of patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant rectal flora, necessitates the exploration of alternatives for the traditionally standard used empirical prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin. We compared infectious complication rates after transrectal PB using empirical ciprofloxacin prophylaxis versus culture-based prophylaxis.MethodsIn this non-blinded, randomized trial, between April 4, 2018 to July 30, 2021, we enrolled 1538 patients from 11 Dutch hospitals undergoing transrectal PB. After rectal swab collection, patients were 1:1 randomized to receive empirical prophylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin (control group; CG), or culture-based prophylaxis (intervention group; IG). Primary outcome was any infectious complication within seven days post-biopsy. Secondary outcomes were infectious complications within 30 days, and bacteremia and bacteriuria within seven and 30 days post-biopsy. For primary outcome analysis, the Chi-square test stratified for hospital was used. Trial registration number: NCT03228108.ResultsData from 1288 patients (83.7%) were available for analysis (CG: 652 and IG: 636). Infection rates within seven days post-biopsy were 4.3% (n = 28) (CG) and 2.5% (n = 16) (IG) (p-value: 0.08; reduction: -1.8%; 95% CI -0.004 to 0.040). Ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria were detected in 15.2% (n = 1288). In the CG, the presence of ciprofloxacin-resistant rectal flora resulted in a 6.2 fold higher risk of early post-biopsy infection.ConclusionsOur study supports the use of culture-based prophylaxis to reduce infectious complications after transrectal PB. Despite adequate prophylaxis, post-biopsy infections can still occur. Therefore, culture-based prophylaxis must be weighed against other strategies that could reduce post-biopsy infections.
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