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47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (urin) valgt, emner højest 180 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
1305 emner vises.
Kelly GoldlustAdrien DucretManuel HalteAnnick Dedieu-BerneMarc ErhardtChristian LesterlinaMolecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, UMR5086, Lyon 69007, FrancebInstitute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10115, GermanycMax Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin 10117, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 23.11.2023
Tilføjet 23.11.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 47, November 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 23.11.2023
Tilføjet 23.11.2023
Abstract Background The 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) report has listed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) as critical pathogens for public health and requiring urgently new antibiotics. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically and genotypically ESBL-E isolated among clinical samples in Dschang, Cameroon. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted during a four-month periods from February to May 2022 in the two biggest hospitals of Dschang. Clinical samples were collected and cultured on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. Suspected growing colonies were biochemically identified using the Enterosystem Kit 18R. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretated according to the CA-SFM recommendations. ESBL phenotypes were double screened using CHROMagar™ ESBL and double disk synergy test (DDST). The detection of resistance genes was performed using conventional and multiplex PCR methods. Results were analyzed with SPSS (version 21) and a p-value
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSamar Fatima, Madiha Ismail, Taymmia Ejaz, Zarnain Shah, Summaya Fatima, Mohammad Shahzaib, Hassan Masood Jafri
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Samar Fatima, Madiha Ismail, Taymmia Ejaz, Zarnain Shah, Summaya Fatima, Mohammad Shahzaib, Hassan Masood Jafri Objective There is a lack of estimates regarding the at-risk population associated with long COVID in Pakistan due to the absence of prospective longitudinal studies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of long COVID and its association with disease severity and vaccination status of the patient. Design and data sources This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital and recruited patients aged > 18 years who were admitted between February 1 and June 7, 2021. During this time, 901 individuals were admitted, after excluding patients with missing data, a total of 481 confirmed cases were enrolled. Results The mean age of the study population was 56.9±14.3 years. Among patients with known vaccination status (n = 474), 19%(n = 90) and 19.2%(n = 91) were fully and partially vaccinated, respectively. Severe/critical disease was present in 64%(n = 312). The mortality rate following discharge was 4.58%(n = 22). Around 18.9%(n = 91) of the population required readmission to the hospital, with respiratory failure (31.8%, n = 29) as the leading cause. Long COVID symptoms were present in 29.9%(n = 144), and these symptoms were more prevalent in the severe/critical (35.5%, n = 111) and unvaccinated (37.9%, n = 105) cohort. The most prominent symptoms were fatigue (26.2%, n = 126) and shortness of breath (24.1%, n = 116), followed by cough (15.2%, n = 73). Vaccinated as compared to unvaccinated patients had lower readmissions (13.8% vs. 21.51%) and post-COVID pulmonary complications (15.4% vs. 24.2%). On multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, gender, co-morbidity, and disease severity, lack of vaccination was found to be an independent predictor of long COVID with an Odds ratio of 2.42(95% CI 1.52–3.84). Fully and partially vaccinated patients had 62% and 56% reduced risk of developing long COVID respectively. Conclusions This study reports that the patients continued to have debilitating symptoms related to long COVID, one year after discharge, and most of its effects were observed in patients with severe/critical disease and unvaccinated patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAbarna Nadeshkumar, Gitanjali Sathiadas, Shalini Sri Ranganathan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Abarna Nadeshkumar, Gitanjali Sathiadas, Shalini Sri Ranganathan Introduction Oral liquid dosage forms remain popular in several middle income countries. The accuracy of liquid dosage form dosing depends on the accuracy and availability of measuring devices. Lack of quality oral liquid measuring devices will lead to medication errors. Hence there is an urgent need to describe the quality of manufacturer supplied measuring devices enclosed with paediatric oral liquid dosage forms currently registered in Sri Lanka. Methodology Standards for measuring devices were developed after a detailed literature search. Multidisciplinary panel rated each standard for the necessity criteria on a 9 point Likert scale. Standards with overall panel median score of ≥ 7 with agreement were selected. A cross-sectional study was done. All the measuring devices, labels and instructions enclosed with the registered products were assessed against the standards developed. Three volumes of liquid antibacterials were measured using the enclosed measuring device. Accuracy of the volumes was measured. Results Of the total products (n = 202) only 126 were packed with a dosing device. Around quarter of the oral liquid dosage forms (n = 36) did not have a measuring device. More than half of the measuring devices aligned with all the standards developed. Out of 44 oral liquid paediatric antimicrobials measuring cups (n = 25, 56.8%, 95% CI: 41%-72%) were enclosed more and less error was seen with measuring cups. Conclusion The quality of oral liquid measuring devices were not satisfactory. Quality could be further improved if the regulatory body request the manufactures/importers to adhere to the standards developed. Correct volumes were not measured using the measuring devices provided with the liquid antimicrobial agents
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNataliya Rybnikova, Dani Broitman, Murielle Mary-Krause, Maria Melchior, Yakov Ben-Haim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Nataliya Rybnikova, Dani Broitman, Murielle Mary-Krause, Maria Melchior, Yakov Ben-Haim Questionnaires are among the most basic and widespread tools to assess the mental health of a population in epidemiological and public health studies. Their most obvious advantage (firsthand self-report) is also the source of their main problems: the raw data requires interpretation, and are a snapshot of the specific sample’s status at a given time. Efforts to deal with both issues created a bi-dimensional space defined by two orthogonal axes, in which most of the quantitative mental health research can be located. Methods aimed to assure that mental health diagnoses are solidly grounded on existing raw data are part of the individual validity axis. Tools allowing the generalization of the results across the entire population compose the collective validity axis. This paper raises a different question. Since one goal of mental health assessments is to obtain results that can be generalized to some extent, an important question is how robust is a questionnaire result when applied to a different population or to the same population at a different time. In this case, there is deep uncertainty, without any a priori probabilistic information. The main claim of this paper is that this task requires the development of a new robustness to deep uncertainty axis, defining a three-dimensional research space. We demonstrate the analysis of deep uncertainty using the concept of robustness in info-gap decision theory. Based on data from questionnaires collected before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, we first locate a mental health assessment in the space defined by the individual validity axis and the collective validity axis. Then we develop a model of info-gap robustness to uncertainty in mental health assessment, showing how the robustness to deep uncertainty axis interacts with the other two axes, highlighting the contributions and the limitations of this approach. The ability to measure robustness to deep uncertainty in the mental health realm is important particularly in troubled and changing times. In this paper, we provide the basic methodological building blocks of the suggested approach using the outbreak of Covid-19 as a recent example.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSara Belligoni, Kelly A. Stevens, Samiul Hasan, Haofei Yu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Sara Belligoni, Kelly A. Stevens, Samiul Hasan, Haofei Yu People continue to use technology in new ways, and how governments harness digital information should consider privacy and security concerns. During COVID19, numerous countries deployed digital contact tracing that collect location data from user’s smartphones. However, these apps had low adoption rates and faced opposition. We launched an interdisciplinary study to evaluate smartphone location data concerns among college students in the US. Using interviews and a large survey, we find that college students have higher concerns regarding privacy, and place greater trust in local government with their location data. We discuss policy recommendations for implementing improved contact tracing efforts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJorieke Deschrevel, Karen Maes, Anke Andries, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Marlies Corvelyn, Domiziana Costamagna, Anja Van Campenhout, Eva De Wachter, Kaat Desloovere, Anouk Agten, Frank Vandenabeele, Stefaan Nijs, Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Jorieke Deschrevel, Karen Maes, Anke Andries, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Marlies Corvelyn, Domiziana Costamagna, Anja Van Campenhout, Eva De Wachter, Kaat Desloovere, Anouk Agten, Frank Vandenabeele, Stefaan Nijs, Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of motor disorders attributed to a non-progressive lesion in the developing brain. Knowledge on skeletal muscle properties is important to understand the impact of CP and treatment but data at the microscopic levels are limited and inconsistent. Currently, muscle biopsies are collected during surgery and are restricted to CP eligible for such treatment or they may refer to another muscle or older children in typically developing (TD) biopsies. A minimally invasive technique to collect (repeated) muscle biopsies in young CP and TD children is needed to provide insights into the early muscle microscopic alterations and their evolution in CP. This paper describes the protocol used to 1) collect microbiopsies of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and semitendinosus (ST) in CP children and age-matched TD children, 2) handle the biopsies for histology, 3) stain the biopsies to address muscle structure (Hematoxylin & Eosin), fiber size and proportion (myosin heavy chain), counting of the satellite cells (Pax7) and capillaries (CD31). Technique feasibility and safety as well as staining feasibility and measure accuracy were evaluated. Two microbiopsies per muscle were collected in 56 CP (5.8±1.1 yr) and 32 TD (6±1.1 yr) children using ultrasound-guided percutaneous microbiopsy technique. The biopsy procedure was safe (absence of complications) and well tolerated (Score pain using Wong-Baker faces). Cross-sectionally orientated fibers were found in 86% (CP) and 92% (TD) of the biopsies with 60% (CP) and 85% (TD) containing more than 150 fibers. Fiber staining was successful in all MG biopsies but failed in 30% (CP) and 16% (TD) of the ST biopsies. Satellite cell staining was successful in 89% (CP) and 85% (TD) for MG and in 70% (CP) and 90% (TD) for ST biopsies, while capillary staining was successful in 88% (CP) and 100% (TD) of the MG and in 86% (CP) and 90% (TD) for the ST biopsies. Intraclass coefficient correlation showed reliable and reproducible measures of all outcomes. This study shows that the percutaneous microbiopsy technique is a safe and feasible tool to collect (repeated) muscle biopsies in young CP and TD children for histological analysis and it provides sufficient muscle tissue of good quality for reliable quantification.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Abstract Purpose Posaconazole is an antifungal drug currently being used for prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections such as aspergillosis. To date, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of posaconazole is recommended with the use of oral suspension, but the potential need of TDM with the use of IV formulations is rising. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of IV posaconazole in critically ill patients. Methods In a prospective study, we analysed 168 consecutivelly collected posaconazole levels from 10 critically ill patients drawn during a 7 day curse. Posaconazole concentrations were measured using a chromatographic method. Demographic and laboratory data were collected, and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results We included 168 posaconazole levels, resulting in a median trough of 0.62 [0.29–1.05] mg/L with 58% not reaching the suggested target of 0.5 mg/L for fungal prophylaxis. Moreover, 74% of the trough levels were under the target of 1 mg/L which is proposed for the treatment of aspergillosis. Conclusion Posaconazole exposure is highly variable in critically ill patients resulting in potentially insufficient drug concentrations in many cases. TDM is highly recommended to identify and avoid underexposure. Trial registration number NCT05275179, March 11, 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Abstract Purpose We aimed to assess symptoms in patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify factors predicting prolonged time to symptom-free. Methods COVIDOM/NAPKON-POP is a population-based prospective cohort of adults whose first on-site visits were scheduled ≥ 6 months after a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Retrospective data including self-reported symptoms and time to symptom-free were collected during the survey before a site visit. In the survival analyses, being symptom-free served as the event and time to be symptom-free as the time variable. Data were visualized with Kaplan–Meier curves, differences were tested with log-rank tests. A stratified Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of predictors, with aHR
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare treatment outcomes for bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by a piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TAZ)-susceptible E. coli among three patient groups: BSI caused by ampicillin/sulbactam (AMP/SLB)-resistant isolates treated with PIP/TAZ, BSI caused by AMP/SLB-sensitive isolates treated with PIP/TAZ, and BSI caused by AMP/SLB-resistant isolates treated with another monotherapy. Methods This retrospective study was conducted in two academic centres in Europe. Adult patients with E. coli BSI were screened from 2014 to 2020. Inclusion criteria were non-ESBL BSI and initial monotherapy for ≥ 72 h. To reduce the expected bias between the patient groups, propensity score matching was performed. The primary outcome was early treatment response after 72 h and required absence of SOFA score increase in ICU/IMC patients, as well as resolution of fever, leukocytosis, and bacteraemia. Results Of the 1707 patients screened, 315 (18.5%) were included in the final analysis. Urinary tract infection was the most common source of BSI (54.9%). Monotherapies other than PIP/TAZ were cephalosporins (48.6%), carbapenems (34.3%), and quinolones (17.1%). Enhanced early treatment response rate was detected (p = 0.04) in patients with BSI caused by AMP/SLB-resistant isolates treated with another monotherapy (74.3%) compared to those treated with PIP/TAZ (57.1%), and was mainly driven by the use of cephalosporins and quinolones (p ≤ 0.03). Clinical success, 28-day mortality, and rate of relapsing BSI did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusions Our study suggests that initial use of PIP/TAZ may be associated with reduced early treatment response in E. coli BSI caused by AMP/SLB-resistant isolates compared to alternative monotherapies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFumagalli, R. M., Chiarelli, M., Cazzaniga, M., Bonato, C., D'Angelo, L., Cavalieri D'Oro, L., Cerino, M., Terragni, S., Lainu, E., Lorini, C., Scarazzati, C., Tazzari, S. E., Porro, F., Alde, S., Burati, M., Brambilla, W., Nattino, S., Locatelli, M., Valsecchi, D., Spreafico, P., Tantardini, V., Schiavo, G., Zago, M. P., Fumagalli, L. A. M.
BMJ Open, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
ObjectivesTo assess the survival predictivity of baseline blood cell differential count (BCDC), discretised according to two different methods, in adults visiting an emergency room (ER) for illness or trauma over 1 year. DesignRetrospective cohort study of hospital records. SettingTertiary care public hospital in northern Italy. Participants11 052 patients aged >18 years, consecutively admitted to the ER in 1 year, and for whom BCDC collection was indicated by ER medical staff at first presentation. Primary outcomeSurvival was the referral outcome for explorative model development. Automated BCDC analysis at baseline assessed haemoglobin, mean cell volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet haematocrit (PCT), absolute red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and platelets. Discretisation cut-offs were defined by benchmark and tailored methods. Benchmark cut-offs were stated based on laboratory reference values (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). Tailored cut-offs for linear, sigmoid-shaped and U-shaped distributed variables were discretised by maximally selected rank statistics and by optimal-equal HR, respectively. Explanatory variables (age, gender, ER admission during SARS-CoV2 surges and in-hospital admission) were analysed using Cox multivariable regression. Receiver operating curves were drawn by summing the Cox-significant variables for each method. ResultsOf 11 052 patients (median age 67 years, IQR 51–81, 48% female), 59% (n=6489) were discharged and 41% (n=4563) were admitted to the hospital. After a 306-day median follow-up (IQR 208–417 days), 9455 (86%) patients were alive and 1597 (14%) deceased. Increased HRs were associated with age >73 years (HR=4.6, 95% CI=4.0 to 5.2), in-hospital admission (HR=2.2, 95% CI=1.9 to 2.4), ER admission during SARS-CoV2 surges (Wave I: HR=1.7, 95% CI=1.5 to 1.9; Wave II: HR=1.2, 95% CI=1.0 to 1.3). Gender, haemoglobin, MCV, RDW, PDW, neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophil counts were significant overall. Benchmark-BCDC model included basophils and platelet count (area under the ROC (AUROC) 0.74). Tailored-BCDC model included monocyte counts and PCT (AUROC 0.79). ConclusionsBaseline discretised BCDC provides meaningful insight regarding ER patients’ survival.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSakanishi, Y., Takeuchi, J., Suganaga, R., Nakayama, K., Nishioka, Y., Chiba, H., Kishi, T., Machino, A., Mastumura, M., Okada, T., Suzuki, T.
BMJ Open, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
ObjectiveThe Japanese government suspended the proactive recommendation of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPVv) in 2013, and the vaccination rate of HPVv declined to
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Abstract Background In this study, we describe the epidemiological profile of an outbreak of the circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus type 2 in South Sudan from 2020 to 2021. Method We conducted a retrospective descriptive epidemiological study using data from the national polio/AFP surveillance database, the outbreak investigation reports, and the vaccination coverage survey databases stored at the national level. Results Between September 2020 and April 2021, 59 cases of the circulating virus were confirmed in the country, with 50 cases in 2020 and 9 cases in 2021. More cases were males (56%) under five (93%). The median age of the cases was 23.4 ± 11.9 months, ranging from 1 to 84 months. All states, with 28 out of the 80 counties, reported at least one case. Most of the cases (44, 75%) were reported from five states, namely Warrap (31%), Western Bahr el Ghazal (12%), Unity (12%), Central Equatoria (10%), and Jonglei (10%). Four counties accounted for 45.8% of the cases; these are Gogrial West with 12 (20%), Jur River with 5 (8.5%), Tonj North with 5 (8.5%), and Juba with 5 (8.5%) cases. The immunization history of the confirmed cases indicated that 14 (24%) of the affected children had never received any doses of oral polio or injectable vaccines either from routine or during supplemental immunization before the onset of paralysis, 17 (28.8%) had received 1 to 2 doses, while 28 (47.5%) had received 3 or more doses (Fig. 4). Two immunization campaigns and a mop-up were conducted with monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine type 2 in response to the outbreak, with administrative coverage of 91.1%, 99.1%, and 97% for the first, second, and mop-up rounds, respectively. Conclusion The emergence of the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in South Sudan was due to low population immunity, highlighting the need to improve the country’s routine and polio immunization campaign coverage.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCherkos, Ashenafi S.; LaCourse, Sylvia M.; Kinuthia, John; Mecha, Jerphason; Enquobahrie, Daniel A.; Escudero, Jaclyn N.; John-Stewart, Grace
AIDS, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Background: Exposure to HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in utero may influence infant growth and development. Most available evidence predates adoption of universal ART (Option B+ ART regimens). In a recent cohort, we compared growth and development in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) to HIV-unexposed (HUU) infants. Design: Prospective cohort study: data from Impact of Maternal HIV on Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection among Peripartum Women and their Infants (MiTIPS) in Western Kenya. Methods: Women were enrolled during pregnancy. Mother-infant pairs were followed until 24 months postpartum. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects models to compare growth rates (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ] and height-for-age z-score [HAZ]) and multivariable linear regression to compare overall development between HEU and HUU children. Results: About 51.8% (184/355) of the infants were HEU, 3.9% low birthweight (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKelsey McOwat, Snehal M. Pinto Pereira, Manjula D. Nugawela, Shamez N. Ladhani, Fiona Newlands, Terence Stephenson, Ruth Simmons, Malcolm G. Semple, Terry Segal, Marta Buszewicz, Isobel Heyman, Trudie Chalder, Tamsin Ford, Emma Dalrymple, Consortium, Roz Shafran
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
by Kelsey McOwat, Snehal M. Pinto Pereira, Manjula D. Nugawela, Shamez N. Ladhani, Fiona Newlands, Terence Stephenson, Ruth Simmons, Malcolm G. Semple, Terry Segal, Marta Buszewicz, Isobel Heyman, Trudie Chalder, Tamsin Ford, Emma Dalrymple, Consortium , Roz Shafran Background During the COVID-19 pandemic children and young people (CYP) were socially restricted during a stage of life crucial to development, potentially putting an already vulnerable population at higher risk of loneliness, social isolation, and poorer wellbeing. The objectives of this study are to conduct an exploratory analysis into loneliness before and during the pandemic, and determine which self-reported factors are associated with loneliness. Methods and findings Participants from The Children with Long COVID (CLoCk) national study were invited to take part via an online survey, with a total of 31,017 participants taking part, 31,016 of which reported on their experience of loneliness. Participants retrospectively answered questions on demographics, lifestyle, physical health and mental health and loneliness before the pandemic and at the time of answering the survey. Before the pandemic 6.5% (2,006/31,016) of participants reported experiencing loneliness “Often/Always” and at the time of survey completion 17.4% (5,395/31,016) reported feeling lonelier. There was an association between meeting the research definition of long COVID and loneliness [3.49 OR, 95%CI 3.28–3.72]. CYP who reported feeling lonelier at the time of the survey than before the pandemic were assigned female at birth, older CYP, those from Black/African/Caribbean/Black British or other ethnicity groups, those that had 3–4 siblings and lived in more deprived areas. Conclusions We demonstrate associations between multiple factors and experiences of loneliness during the pandemic. There is a need for a multi-faceted integrated approach when developing interventions targeted at loneliness. It is important to follow up the CYP involved at regular intervals to investigate the progression of their experience of loneliness over time.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlessandro Deni, Alessandra Mistral De Pascali, Margherita Ortalli, Emma Balducelli, Michele Provenzano, Francesca Ferrara, Marco Busutti, Gaetano La Manna, Lorenzo Zammarchi, Alessandro Bartoloni, Leonardo Caroti, Ana Victoria Ibarra-Meneses, Eugenia Carrillo, Giorgia Comai, Stefania Varani
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic infection caused by vector-borne protozoans; in southern Europe VL is caused by parasites belonging to the Leishmania infantum species [1]. Immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients, are at risk for severe VL with high rate of relapses [2]. In transplant recipients, asymptomatic Leishmania infection can reactivate during the immunosuppressive therapy and promote the resurgence of clinically evident leishmaniasis; thus, screening asymptomatically infected patients could be beneficial.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 22.11.2023
Tilføjet 22.11.2023
Although the rates of medical abortions were similar before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of procedural abortions fell by 31%, according to commercial insurance reimbursement data from about 17 500 abortions. The study was funded by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarshall, D. A., Suryaprakash, N., Lavallee, D. C., Barker, K. L., Mackean, G., Zelinsky, S., McCarron, T. L., Santana, M. J., Moayyedi, P., Bryan, S.
BMJ Open, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the outcomes of research engagement (patient engagement, PE) in the context of qualitative research. DesignWe observed engagement in two groups comprised of patients, clinicians and researchers tasked with conducting a qualitative preference exploration project in inflammatory bowel disease. One group was led by a patient research partner (PLG, partner led group) and the other by an academic researcher (RLG, researcher led group). A semistructured guide and a set of critical outcomes of research engagement were used as a framework to ground our analysis. SettingThe study was conducted online. ParticipantsPatient research partners (n=5), researchers (n=5) and clinicians (n=4) participated in this study. Main outcome measuresTranscripts of meetings, descriptive and reflective observation data of engagement during meetings and email correspondence between group members were analysed to identify the outcomes of PE. ResultsBoth projects were patient-centred, collaborative, meaningful, rigorous, adaptable, ethical, legitimate, understandable, feasible, timely and sustainable. Patient research partners (PRPs) in both groups wore dual hats as patients and researchers and influenced project decisions wearing both hats. They took on advisory and operational roles. Collaboration seemed easier in the PLG than in the RLG. The RLG PRPs spent more time than their counterparts in the PLG sharing their experience with biologics and helping their group identify a meaningful project question. A formal literature review informed the design, project materials and analysis in the RLG, while the formal review informed the project materials and analysis in the PLG. A PRP in the RLG and the PLG lead leveraged personal connections to facilitate recruitment. The outcomes of both projects were meaningful to all members of the groups. ConclusionsOur findings show that engagement of PRPs in research has a positive influence on the project design and delivery in the context of qualitative research in both the patient-led and researcher-led group.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundCritical drug-drug interactions (DDI) and hepatotoxicity complicate concurrent use of rifampicin and protease inhibitors. We investigated whether dose escalation of atazanavir/ritonavir could safely overcome the DDI with rifampicin.MethodsDERIVE (NCT04121195, EDCTP) was a dose-escalation trial in people with HIV on atazanavir/ritonavir-based ART in Uganda. Four intensive pharmacokinetic (PK) visits were performed: PK1 300/100 mg OD (baseline); PK2 300/100 mg OD with rifampicin 600 mg; PK3 300/100 mg BID with rifampicin 600 mg OD; PK4 300/100 mg BID with rifampicin 1200 mg OD. Dolutegravir 50 mg BID throughout the study period ensured participants remained protected from subtherapeutic atazanavir concentrations. The data was interpreted with noncompartmental analysis. The target minimum concentration was atazanavir’s protein-adjusted IC90 (PA-IC90), 0.014 mg/L.ResultsWe enrolled 26 participants (23 female) with median (range) age 44 (28-61) years and weight 67 (50-75) kg. Compared with PK1, atazanavir Ctau, and AUC were significantly reduced at PK2 by 96% and 85%, respectively. The escalation to BID dosing (PK3) reduced this difference in Ctau, and AUC24 to 18% lower and 8% higher, respectively. Comparable exposures were maintained with double doses of rifampicin. Lowest Ctau during PK1, PK3, and PK4 were 12.7-, 4.8-, and 8.6-fold higher than PA-IC90, respectively, while 65% of PK2 Ctau were below the limit of quantification (0.03 mg/L), hence likely below PA-IC90. No participant developed significant elevation of liver enzymes, reported an SAE, or experienced rebound viraemia.ConclusionsTwice daily atazanavir/ritonavir during rifampicin co-administration was well-tolerated and achieved plasma concentrations above the target.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundDrug resistance may be acquired in people starting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) during undiagnosed infection. Population-based estimates of PrEP-related resistance are lacking.MethodsWe used New York City surveillance and partner services data to measure the effect of PrEP use (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/tenofivir alafenamide fumarate with emtricitabine) history on baseline prevalence of M184I/V mutations in people diagnosed with HIV, 2015-2022. PrEP use was categorized as “Recent” defined as PrEP stopped ≤ 90 days before diagnosis, “Past” as PrEP stopped >90 days before diagnosis, and “No known use”. Resistance associated mutations were determined using the Stanford Algorithm. We used log binomial regression to generate adjusted relative risk (aRR) of M184I/V by PrEP use history in people with and without acute HIV infection (AHI).ResultsOf 4,246 newly diagnosed people with a genotype ≤30 days of diagnosis, 560 (13%) had AHI, 136 (3%) reported recent, and 124 (35%) past PrEP use; 98 (2%) harbored M184I/V. In people with AHI, recent PrEP use was associated with 6 times greater risk of M184I/V than no known use (aRR: 5.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.49-13.77). In people without AHI, risk of M184I/V in recent users was 7 times (aRR:7.26; 95% CI: 3.98-13.24), and in past users, 4 times that of people with no known use (aRR: 4.46; 95% CI: 2.15-9.24).ConclusionsPrEP use was strongly associated with baseline M184I/V in NYC, regardless of AHI. Ordering a nucleic acid test when indicated after assessment of exposure, antiretroviral history and AHI symptoms can decrease PrEP initiation in people with undetected infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXiaofeng Wu, Song Yang, Di Zhang, Liang Zhang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
by Xiaofeng Wu, Song Yang, Di Zhang, Liang Zhang Deep foundation pit settlement prediction based on machine learning is widely used for ensuring the safety of construction, but previous studies are limited to not fully considering the spatial correlation between monitoring points. This paper proposes a transformer-based deep learning method that considers both the spatial and temporal correlations among excavation monitoring points. The proposed method creates a dataset that collects all excavation monitoring points into a vector to consider all spatial correlations among monitoring points. The deep learning method is based on the transformer, which can handle the temporal correlations and spatial correlations. To verify the model’s accuracy, it was compared with an LSTM network and an RNN-LSTM hybrid model that only considers temporal correlations without considering spatial correlations, and quantitatively compared with previous research results. Experimental results show that the proposed method can predict excavation deformations more accurately. The main conclusions are that the spatial correlation and the transformer-based method are significant factors in excavation deformation prediction, leading to more accurate prediction results.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMateus Silva Chang, Isamu Yamamoto
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
by Mateus Silva Chang, Isamu Yamamoto This paper estimated the impact of intervention effects (state of emergency (SOE) or quasi-SOE requirements) and information effects (publicized increases in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths and fear of infection) on preventive behaviors and telecommuting during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Japan Household Panel Survey. Our results indicated that SOEs and quasi-SOEs had positive effects on the adoption of preventive behaviors among individuals, including handwashing, which indicates that an SOE has a direct effect and an indirect effect. Although SOEs in Japan were less enforceable and more lenient than those in other countries, they still had a certain effect on people’s adoption of preventive behaviors. However, the contribution of information effects was much larger than that of intervention effects, suggesting the importance of how and when information should be communicated to the public to prevent the spread of infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 20.11.2023
Tilføjet 20.11.2023
Abstract Background Both tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are major public health problems threatening global health. TB patients with DM have a higher bacterial burden and affect the absorption and metabolism for anti-TB drugs. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) with DM make control TB more difficult. Methods This study was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Cochrance Library for literature published in English until July 2022. Papers were limited to those reporting the association between DM and treatment outcomes among DR-TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients. The strength of association was presented as odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the fixed-effects or random-effects models. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD: 42,022,350,214. Results A total of twenty-five studies involving 16,905 DR-TB participants were included in the meta-analysis, of which 10,124 (59.89%) participants were MDR-TB patients, and 1,952 (11.54%) had DM history. In DR-TB patients, the pooled OR was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.24–1.96) for unsuccessful outcomes, 0.64 (95% CI: 0.44–0.94) for cured treatment outcomes, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.46–0.86) for completed treatment outcomes, and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03–1.58) for treatment failure. Among MDR-TB patients, the pooled OR was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.20–2.04) for unsuccessful treatment outcomes, 0.55 (95% CI: 0.35–0.87) for cured treatment outcomes, 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46–0.93) for treatment completed treatment outcomes and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08–1.75) for treatment failure. Conclusion DM is a risk factor for adverse outcomes of DR-TB or MDR-TB patients. Controlling hyperglycemia may contribute to the favorite prognosis of TB. Our findings support the importance for diagnosing DM in DR-TB /MDR-TB, and it is needed to control glucose and therapeutic monitoring during the treatment of DR-TB /MDR-TB patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 20.11.2023
Tilføjet 20.11.2023
Abstract Background The organ dysfunction that is associated with death in COVID-19 patients has not been determined in multicenter epidemiologic studies. In this study, we evaluated the major association with death, concomitant organ dysfunction, and proportion of multiple organ failure in deaths in patients with COVID-19, along with information on organ support. Methods We performed an observational cohort study using the Japanese multicenter research of COVID-19 by assembling a real-world data (J-RECOVER) study database. This database consists of data on patients discharged between January 1 and September 31, 2020, with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results, regardless of intensive care unit admission status. These data were collected from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination and electronic medical records of 66 hospitals in Japan. The clinician identified and recorded the organ responsible for the death of COVID-19. Results During the research period, 4,700 patients with COVID-19 were discharged from 66 hospitals participating in the J-RECOVER study; of which, 272 patients (5.8%) from 47 institutions who died were included in this study. Respiratory system dysfunction (87.1%) was the leading association with death, followed by cardiovascular (4.8%), central nervous (2.9%), gastrointestinal (2.6%), and renal (1.1%) dysfunction. Most patients (96.7%) who died of COVID-19 had respiratory system damage, and about half (48.9%) had multi-organ damage. Of the patients whose main association with death was respiratory dysfunction, 120 (50.6%) received mechanical ventilation. Conclusion This study showed that although respiratory dysfunction was the most common association with death in many cases, multi-organ dysfunction was associated with death due to COVID-19.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 20.11.2023
Tilføjet 20.11.2023
Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) in men differ relevantly to women by their pathogens. Gram-positive uropathogens play a relevant role in UTI in men. In this study, we aimed to analyze the epidemiology of Enterococcus faecalis in UTI in male outpatients. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational multicenter study during 2015 to 2020 consisting of urine samples of 99,415 adult male outpatients sent from 6,749 outpatient practices from Germany. Proportions were compared using the z-Test and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method. Results E. faecalis is the 2nd most frequent bacteria (16%) detected in suspected UTI in male outpatients. Young men are predominantly at risk (17%) for isolation of E. faecalis in suspected UTI. In polymicrobial infections E. faecalis is isolated in 47% of all suspected UTI in men. Recurrency of suspected UTI is significantly more frequent when E. faecalis is isolated compared to Escherichia coli (22% vs 26%; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 19.11.2023
Tilføjet 19.11.2023
AbstractCOVID-19 is an acute respiratory disorder that is caused by SARS-CoV-2, in which excessive systemic inflammation is associated with adverse patient clinical outcomes. Here, we observed elevated expression levels of NLRP12 (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat–containing receptor 12) in human peripheral monocytes and lung tissue during infection with SARS-CoV-2. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that NLRP12 directly interacted with the M protein through its leucine-rich repeat domain. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrated that NLRP12 interacted with TRAF3 and promoted its ubiquitination and degradation, which counteracted the inhibitory effect of TRAF3 on the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway and promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, an in vivo study revealed that NLRP12 knockout mice displayed attenuated tissue injury and ameliorated inflammatory responses in the lungs when infected with a SARS-CoV-2 M protein–reconstituted pseudovirus and mouse coronavirus. Taken together, these findings suggest that NLRP12 mediates the inflammatory responses during coronavirus infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 19.11.2023
Tilføjet 19.11.2023
Abstract The central nervous system is one of the most common sites of aspergillosis involvement in immunocompromised people, just after sinopulmonary infections. Neuroimaging modalities are crucial for the diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis (CA). Here, we describe a rare case of concurrent mixed aspergillosis infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in a 2-year-old leukemic boy. The first neuroimaging finding, which was followed by focal seizures, was recognized as extensive cerebral hemorrhage in the absence of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. As the patient survived for more than 4 months after diagnosis, we were able to perform a neuroimaging evaluation during long-term observation. In serial neuroimaging studies, a secondary fungal abscess was observed at the site of hemorrhagic infarctions. Finally, the patient died from bacterial sepsis. In this case study, we try to categorize the neuroimaging findings of CA into distinct phases to better understand how CA changes over time.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.11.2023
Tilføjet 18.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundDuring the 2022–2023 influenza season, the United States experienced the highest influenza-associated pediatric hospitalization rate since 2010–2011. Influenza A/H3N2 infections were predominant.MethodsWe analyzed acute respiratory illness (ARI)-associated emergency department or urgent care (ED/UC) encounters or hospitalizations at three health systems among children and adolescents aged 6 months–17 years who had influenza molecular testing during October 2022–March 2023. We estimated influenza A vaccine effectiveness (VE) using a test-negative approach. The odds of vaccination among influenza-A-positive cases and influenza-negative controls were compared after adjusting for confounders and applying inverse-propensity-to-be-vaccinated weights. We developed overall and age-stratified VE models.ResultsOverall, 13,547 of 44,787 (30.2%) eligible ED/UC encounters and 263 of 1,862 (14.1%) hospitalizations were influenza-A-positive cases. Among ED/UC patients, 15.2% of influenza-positive versus 27.1% of influenza-negative patients were vaccinated; VE was 48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44%–52%) overall, 53% (95% CI, 47%–58%) among children aged 6 months–4 years and 38% (95% CI, 30%–45%) among those aged 9–17 years. Among hospitalizations, 17.5% of influenza-positive versus 33.4% of influenza-negative patients were vaccinated; VE was 40% (95% CI, 6%–61%) overall, 56% (95% CI, 23%–75%) among children ages 6 months–4 years and 46% (95% CI, 2%–70%) among those 5–17 years.ConclusionsDuring the 2022–2023 influenza season, vaccination reduced the risk of influenza-associated ED/UC encounters and hospitalizations by almost half (overall VE 40–48%). Influenza vaccination is a critical tool to prevent moderate-to-severe influenza illness in children and adolescents.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.11.2023
Tilføjet 18.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundInvestigations into antibiotics for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) bloodstream infections (BSIs) have focused on blaCTX-M genes. Outcomes of patients with non-CTX-M-producing ESBL-E BSIs and optimal treatment are unknown.MethodsA multicenter observational study investigating 500 consecutive patients with ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacterales BSIs during 2018–2022 was conducted. Broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing confirmed antibiotic susceptibilities and ESBL gene presence, respectively. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) using propensity scores was employed to ensure patients infected with non-CTX-M and CTX-M ESBL-E BSIs were similar prior to evaluation of outcomes.Results396 patients (79.2%) were confirmed to have an ESBL-E BSI. ESBL gene family prevalence was as follows: blaCTX-M (n=370), blaSHV (n=16), blaOXY (n=12), and blaVEB (n=5). ESBL gene identification was not limited to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. In the IPW cohort, there was no difference in 30-day mortality or ESBL-E infection recurrence between the non-CTX-M and CTX-M groups (OR=.99, 95% CI 0.87–1.11; p=0.83) and (OR=1.10, 95% CI 0.85–1.42; p=0.47), respectively. In an exploratory analysis limited to the non-CTX-M group, 86% of the 21 patients receiving meropenem were alive on day 30; none of the 5 patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam were alive on day 30.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that non-CTX-M and CTX-M ESBL-producing Enterobacterales BSIs are equally concerning and associated with similar clinical outcomes. Meropenem may be associated with improved survival in patients with non-CTX-M ESBL-E BSIs, underscoring the potential benefit of comprehensive molecular diagnostics to enable early antibiotic optimization for patients with ESBL-E BSI, beyond just blaCTX-M genes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.11.2023
Tilføjet 18.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundThere is evidence of an association of severe COVID-19 outcomes with increased body mass index (BMI) and male sex. However, few studies have examined the interaction between sex and BMI on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics.MethodsParticipants conducted RT-PCR testing every 24-48 hours over a 15-day period. Sex and BMI were self-reported, and Ct values from E-gene were used to quantify viral load. Three distinct outcomes were examined using mixed effects generalized linear models, linear models, and logistic models, respectively: all Ct values (Model 1); nadir Ct value (model 2); and strongly detectable infection (at least one Ct value ≤28 during their infection) (Model 3). An interaction term between BMI and sex was included, and inverse logit transformations were applied to quantify the differences by BMI and sex using marginal predictions.ResultsIn total, 7,988 participants enrolled in this study, and 439 participants (Model 1) and 309 (Model 2 and 3) were eligible for these analyses. Among males, increasing BMI was associated with lower Ct values in a dose-response fashion. For participants with BMIs greater than 29, males had significantly lower Ct values and nadir Ct values than females. In total, 67.8% of males and 55.3% of females recorded a strongly detectable infection; increasing proportions of men had Ct values
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.11.2023
Tilføjet 18.11.2023
Strange are the opportunities that presented themselves and where the path led during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It all began when I was at a National Institutes of Health (NIH) study section on 5–6 March 2020 in Washington, DC, expecting to fly to Boston for the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) when a Friday email announced the cancellation of in-person attendance at the conference (wisely). I had been looking forward to CROI, having worked for weeks to get visa appointments for two Ugandan scientists to travel to CROI to present their cryptococcal meningitis abstracts. My team makes an effort always to present cryptococcal abstracts at CROI so that people do not forget that opportunistic infections still exist worldwide. In March 2020, we were excited to have just launched a phase 2 trial to test oral amphotericin B formulation for cryptococcal meningitis.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYing Li, Zhiyong Wu, Yi Yan, Yue Shi, Jiaming Huang, Hui Du, Qing Du, Yang Li, Yaxin Lin, Di Liu, Xiaoxia Lu
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.11.2023
Tilføjet 18.11.2023
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first reported in Wuhan, is a public health emergency of international concern [1]. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been implemented at the individual, environmental, community, and country levels to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [2]. Meanwhile, it is generally accepted that NPIs also have broad effects on other respiratory viruses and can modify the epidemiological features of respiratory viruses [3-6].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAdane Adugna;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐associated liver cancer is the third most prevalent cancer‐related cause of death worldwide. Different studies have been done on the histomolecular analysis of HBV induced‐liver cancer including epigenetics which are dynamic molecular mechanisms to control gene expression without altering the host deoxyribonucleic acid, genomics characterise the integration of the viral genome with host genome, proteomics characterise how gene modifies and results overexpression of proteins, glycoproteomics discover different glyco‐biomarker candidates and show glycosylation in malignant hepatocytes, metabolomics characterise how HBV impairs a variety of metabolic functions during hepatocyte immortalisation, exosomes characterise immortalised liver cells in terms of their differentiation and proliferation, and autophagy plays a role in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis linked to HBV infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKiruthiga Mone; Jay Reddy;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Myocarditis can result from various infectious and non‐infectious causes that can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure. Among the infectious causes, viruses are commonly suspected. But the challenge is our inability to demonstrate infectious viral particles during clinical presentations, partly because by that point, the viruses would have damaged the tissues and be cleared by the immune system. Therefore, viral signatures such as viral nucleic acids and virus‐reactive antibodies may be the only readouts pointing to viruses as potential primary triggers of DCM. Thus, it becomes hard to explain persistent inflammatory infiltrates that might occur in individuals affected with chronic myocarditis/DCM manifesting myocardial dysfunctions. In these circumstances, autoimmunity is suspected, and antibodies to various autoantigens have been demonstrated, suggesting that immune therapies to suppress the autoimmune responses may be necessary. From this perspective, we endeavoured to determine whether or not the known viral causes are associated with development of autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens that include both cardiotropic and non‐cardiotropic viruses. If so, what their nature and significance are in developing chronic myocarditis resulting from viruses as primary triggers.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChang‐tai Zhu; Jian‐Yun Yin; Xiao‐hua Chen; Ming Liu; Shi‐gui Yang;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
This study aimed to clarify the beneficial effect and the clinical application value of Paxlovid in the treatment of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) through a systematic review. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and were systematically searched for interventional or observational studies on the efficacy and safety of Paxlovid in the treatment of SARS‐COV‐2. The relative and absolute effect sizes for the outcomes were calculated based on the data reported in the original intervention literature. The external applicability of the evidence was analysed in terms of clinical application scenarios, patient willingness, and cost utility. One interventional and three observational studies were conducted. Four studies published in 2022, had participation sample sizes ranging 1780–109,254. Based on the randomised controlled trial data, the risk of all‐cause mortality, all‐cause death, and hospitalisation was significantly reduced in the Paxlovid group. Serious adverse events were reduced during the study. Based on observational studies, Paxlovid can significantly reduce the risk of death and hospitalisation in older patients with COVID‐19 (moderate certainty) and improve in‐hospital disease progression, composite disease progression, and viral load (low certainty). Paxlovid did not improve the outcomes of death and hospitalisation (low certainty) in patients aged
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShivani Malvankar; Anjali Singh; Y. S. Ravi Kumar; Swetangini Sahu; Megha Shah; Yamini Murghai; Mahendra Seervi; Rupesh K. Srivastava; Bhupendra Verma;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) emerged in December 2019, causing a range of respiratory infections from mild to severe. This resulted in the ongoing global COVID‐19 pandemic, which has had a significant impact on public health. The World Health Organization declared COVID‐19 as a global pandemic in March 2020. Viruses are intracellular pathogens that rely on the host\'s machinery to establish a successful infection. They exploit the gene expression machinery of host cells to facilitate their own replication. Gaining a better understanding of gene expression modulation in SARS‐CoV2 is crucial for designing and developing effective antiviral strategies. Efforts are currently underway to understand the molecular‐level interaction between the host and the pathogen. In this review, we describe how SARS‐CoV2 infection modulates gene expression by interfering with cellular processes, including transcription, post‐transcription, translation, post‐translation, epigenetic modifications as well as processing and degradation pathways. Additionally, we emphasise the therapeutic implications of these findings in the development of new therapies to treat SARS‐CoV2 infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Publication date: Available online 5 October 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Han Li, Jianping Huang, Xinbo Lian, Yingjie Zhao, Wei Yan, Li Zhang, Licheng Li
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmnuay Kleebayoon; Viroj Wiwanitkit;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
N. Aravind Kumar; S. Aradhana; Harleen; M. R. Vishnuraj;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Studies related to clinical diagnosis and research of SARS‐CoV‐2 are important in the current pandemic era. Although molecular biology has emphasised the importance of qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis with nucleic acids in relation to SARS‐CoV‐2 needs to be clearly emphasised, which can provide perspective for viral dynamic studies of SARS‐CoV‐2. In this regard, the requirement and utilization of digital PCR in COVID‐19 research has substantially increased during the pandemic, necessitating the aggregation of its cardinal applications and future scopes. Hence, this meta‐review comprehensively addresses and emphasises the importance of nucleic acid quantification of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA with digital PCR (dPCR). Various quantitative techniques of clinical significance like immunological, proteomic and nucleic acid‐based diagnosis and quantification, have been comparatively discussed. Furthermore, the core part of the article focusses on the working principle and advantages of digital PCR, along with its applications in COVID‐19 research. Several important applications like viral load quantitation, environmental surveillance and assay validation have been extensively investigated and discussed. Certain key future scopes of clinical importance, like mortality prediction, viral/variant‐symbiosis, and antiviral studies were also identified, suggesting several possible digital PCR applications in COVID‐19 research.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInternational Journal for Parasitology, 19.08.2023
Tilføjet 19.08.2023
Publication date: Available online 19 August 2023 Source: International Journal for Parasitology Author(s): Tanja Himmel, Josef Harl, Julia Matt, Nora Nedorost, Madeleine Lunardi, Mikas Ilgūnas, Tatjana Iezhova, Gediminas Valkiūnas, Herbert Weissenböck
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 12.08.2023
Tilføjet 12.08.2023
Publication date: Available online 11 August 2023 Source: Immunity Author(s): Erin E. West, Nicolas S. Merle, Marcin M. Kamiński, Gustavo Palacios, Dhaneshwar Kumar, Luopin Wang, Jack A. Bibby, Kirsten Overdahl, Alan K. Jarmusch, Simon Freeley, Duck-Yeon Lee, J. Will Thompson, Zu-Xi Yu, Naomi Taylor, Marc Sitbon, Douglas R. Green, Andrea Bohrer, Katrin D. Mayer-Barber, Behdad Afzali, Majid Kazemian
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 7.08.2023
Tilføjet 7.08.2023
Publication date: Available online 6 August 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Caitlin Ward, Rob Deardon, Alexandra M. Schmidt
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWaqar Ahmad; Bushra Gull; Jasmin Baby; Neena G. Panicker; Thanumol A. Khader; Shaima Akhlaq; Tahir A. Rizvi; Farah Mustafa;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is responsible for coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) that infected more than 760 million people worldwide with over 6.8 million deaths to date. COVID‐19 is one of the most challenging diseases of our times due to the nature of its spread, its effect on multiple organs, and an inability to predict disease prognosis, ranging from being completely asymptomatic to death. Upon infection, SARS‐CoV‐2 alters the host immune response by changing host‐transcriptional machinery. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regarded as post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression that can be perturbed by invading viruses. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported such dysregulation of host miRNA expression upon SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Some of this could occur as an anti‐viral response of the host to the viral infection. Viruses themselves can counteract that response by mounting their own pro‐viral response that facilitates virus infection, an aspect which may cause pathogenesis. Thus, miRNAs could serve as possible disease biomarkers in infected people. In the current review, we have summarised and analysed the existing data about miRNA dysregulation in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 to determine their concordance between studies, and identified those that could serve as potential biomarkers during infection, disease progression, and death, even in people with other co‐morbidities. Having such biomarkers can be vital in not only predicting COVID‐19 prognosis, but also the development of novel miRNA‐based anti‐virals and therapeutics which can become invaluable in case of the emergence of new viral variants with pandemic potential in the future.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLaith AL‐Eitan; Malek Alnemri; Mishael Alkhawaldeh; Ahmad Mihyar;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
Rodents are one of the most abundant mammal species in the world. They form more than two‐fifth of all mammal species and there are approximately 4600 existing rodent species. Rodents are capable of transmitting deadly diseases, especially those that are caused by viruses. Viruses and their consequences have plagued the world for the last two centuries, three pandemics occurred during the last century only. The Middle East is situated at the crossroads of Africa and Asia, along with the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, its geographic importance is gained through the diversity of topographies, biosphere, as well as climate aspects that make the region vulnerable to host emerging diseases. Refugee crises also play a major role in expected epidemic outbreaks in the region. Public health has always been the most important priority, and our aim in this review is to raise awareness among public health organisations across the Middle East about the dangers of rodent borne diseases that have been reported or are suspected to be found in the region.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGiulia Lottini; Erika Plicanti; Michele Lai; Paola Quaranta; Mauro Pistello; Giulia Freer;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues in the body. There are three function‐al groups of FGFs: canonical FGFs (cFGFs), intracellularly retained FGFs, and metabolic (also called endocrine) FGFs. cFGFs are secreted and act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to regulate differentiation during foetal development, as well as tissue repair in adults. Recent studies have also begun to unravel the role of cFGFs during viral infections, suggesting that FGF‐2 and other canonical FGFs may have an important virus‐specific role, also by the regulation of the immune response. Because dysregulation in the FGF pathways is pivotal in cancer development, FGFs are the target of many anticancer drugs. These drugs may be repurposed to treat viral infection, since dysregulation of FGF signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral infections, such as hepatitis C. Overall, the role of cFGFs during viral infection is an underrepresented area of current research. This review focuses on overviewing the effects of canonical FGFs during infection by different viruses. Many studies highlight that the effects of FGFs during viral infection may be complex and context‐dependent. While there is evidence to suggest that FGFs may have a beneficial impact on the immune response and tissue repair during viral infection, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine in what cases FGFs could be targeted as a therapeutic approach for viral infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 6.06.2023
Tilføjet 6.06.2023
Publication date: Available online 5 June 2023 Source: Immunity Author(s): Marco De Giovanni, Eric V. Dang, Kevin Y. Chen, Jinping An, Hiten D. Madhani, Jason G. Cyster
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMasoud Rahmati; Dong Keon Yon; Seung Won Lee; Laurie Butler; Ai Koyanagi; Louis Jacob; Jae Il Shin; Lee Smith;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.05.2023
Tilføjet 10.05.2023
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, but no systematic synthesis of evidence on COVID‐19 vaccination during pregnancy against these outcomes has been undertaken. Thus, we aimed to assess the collective evidence on the effects of COVID‐19 vaccination during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were systematically searched for articles published up to 1 November 2022. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to calculate pooled effects size and 95% confidence interval (CI). We evaluated 30 studies involving 862,272 individuals (308,428 vaccinated and 553,844 unvaccinated). Overall pooled analyses in pregnant women during pregnancy showed reduced risks of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by 60% (41%–73%), COVID‐19 hospitalisation during pregnancy by 53% (31%–69%), and COVID‐19 intensive care unit (ICU) admission by 82% (12%–99%). Neonates of vaccinated women were 1.78 folds more likely to acquire SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the first 2, 4 and 6 months of life during the Omicron period. The risk of stillbirth was reduced by 45% (17%–63%) in association with vaccination (vs. no vaccination) in pregnancy. A decrease of 15% (3%–25%), 33% (14%–48%), and 33% (17%–46%) in the odds of preterm births before 37, 32 and 28 weeks\' gestation were associated with vaccination (vs. no vaccination) in pregnancy, respectively. The risk of neonatal ICU admission was significantly lower by 20% following COVID‐19 vaccination in pregnancy (16%–24%). There was no evidence of a higher risk of adverse outcomes including miscarriage, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, cardiac problems, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, unassisted vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, gestational age at delivery, placental abruption, Apgar score at 5 min below 7, low birthweight (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedArman Shafiee; Mohammad Mobin Teymouri Athar; Mohammad Javad Amini; Hamed Hajishah; Sepehr Siahvoshi; Mehrsa Jalali; Bahar Jahanbakhshi; Sayed‐Hamidreza Mozhgani;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.05.2023
Tilføjet 10.05.2023
To provide a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis regarding the cumulative incidence (incidence proportion) of human herpesvirus (HHV) reactivation among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to 25 September 2022, with no language restrictions. All interventional and observational studies enrolling patients with confirmed COVID‐19 and providing data regarding HHV reactivation were included. The random‐effects model was used in the meta‐analyses. We included information from 32 studies. HHV reactivation was considered a positive polymerase chain reaction result taken at the time of COVID‐19 infection. Most of the included patients were severe COVID‐19 cases. The pooled cumulative incidence estimate was 38% (95% Confidence Intervals [CI], 28%–50%, = 86%) for herpes simplex virus (HSV), 19% (95% CI, 13%–28%, = 87%) for cytomegalovirus (CMV), 45% (95% CI, 28%–63%, = 96%) for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), 18% (95% CI, 8%–35%) for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), 44% (95% CI, 32%–56%) for human herpesvirus 7 (HHV‐7), and 19% (95% CI, 14%–26%) for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8). There was no evidence of funnel plot asymmetry based on visual inspection and Egger\'s regression test for the results of HSV ( = 0.84), CMV ( = 0.82), and EBV ( = 0.27) reactivation. In conclusion, the identification of HHV reactivation in severe COVID‐19 patients is helpful in the management of patients as well as the prevention of complications. Further research is required to elucidate the interaction between HHVs and COVID‐19. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42022321973.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEamon O Murchu; Laura Comber; Karen Jordan; Sarah Hawkshaw; Liam Marshall; Michelle O’Neill; Máirín Ryan; Conor Teljeur; Annasara Carnahan; Jaime Jesús Pérez; Anna Hayman Robertson; Kari Johansen; Jorgen de Jonge; Tyra Krause; Nathalie Nicolay; Hanna Nohynek; Ioanna Pavlopoulou; Richard Pebody; Pasi Penttinen; Marta Soler‐Soneira; Ole Wichmann; Patricia Harrington;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.05.2023
Tilføjet 10.05.2023
The most effective means of preventing seasonal influenza is through vaccination. In this systematic review, we investigated the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of recombinant haemagglutinin (HA) seasonal influenza vaccines to prevent laboratory‐confirmed influenza. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases and grey literature sources up to 7 February 2020. Randomised controlled trials and non‐randomised studies of interventions were eligible for inclusion. The search returned 28,846 records, of which 10 studies on recombinant HA influenza vaccine met our inclusion criteria. One study found that the quadrivalent recombinant HA influenza vaccine had higher relative vaccine efficacy (rVE) in preventing laboratory‐confirmed influenza during the 2014–15 season compared with traditional quadrivalent vaccination in adults aged ≥50 years (rVE = 30%, 95% CI 10%–47%, moderate‐certainty evidence). In a subgroup analysis, higher rVE was reported for influenza A (rVE = 36%, 95% CI 14% to 53%), but not for B (non‐significant). Another study reported higher efficacy for the trivalent recombinant HA vaccine compared with placebo (VE = 45%, 95% CI 19–63, 1 RCT, low‐certainty evidence) in adults aged 18–55 years. With the exception of a higher rate of chills (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72), the safety profile of recombinant HA vaccines was comparable to that of traditional influenza vaccines. The evidence base for the efficacy and effectiveness of recombinant HA influenza vaccines is limited at present, although one study found that the quadrivalent recombinant HA influenza vaccine had higher rVE compared with traditional quadrivalent vaccination in adults aged ≥50 years.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHan Li; Chelsea‐Jane Arcalas; Junmin Song; Masoud Rahmati; Seoyeon Park; Ai Koyanagi; Seung Won Lee; Dong Keon Yon; Jae Il Shin; Lee Smith;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.05.2023
Tilføjet 10.05.2023
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was the predominant variant behind the surges of COVID‐19 in the United States, Europe, and India in the second half of 2021. The information available regarding the defining mutations and their effects on the structure, transmission, and vaccine efficacy of SARS‐CoV‐2 is constantly evolving. With waning vaccine immunity and relaxation of social distancing policies across the globe driving the increased spread of the Delta variant, there is a great need for a resource aggregating the most recent information for clinicians and researchers concerning the Delta variant. Accordingly, this narrative review comprehensively reviews the genetics, structure, epidemiology, clinical course, and vaccine efficacy of the Delta variant. Comparison with the omicron variant is also discussed. The Delta variant is defined by 15 mutations in the Spike protein, most of which increase affinity for the ACE‐2 receptor or enhance immune escape. The Delta variant causes similar symptoms to prototypical COVID‐19, but it is more likely to be severe, with a greater inflammatory phenotype and viral load. The reproduction number is estimated to be approximately twice the prototypical strains present during the early pandemic, and numerous breakthrough infections have been reported. Despite studies demonstrating breakthrough infection and reduced antibody neutralisation, full vaccination effectively reduces the likelihood of severe illness and hospitalisation.
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