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Sabuj Kanti Mistry, A. R. M. Mehrab Ali, Uday Narayan Yadav, Saruna Ghimire, Md. Belal Hossain, Suvasish Das Shuvo, Manika Saha, Sneha Sarwar, Md. Mohibur Hossain Nirob, Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran, Mark F. Harris
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
by Sabuj Kanti Mistry, A. R. M. Mehrab Ali, Uday Narayan Yadav, Saruna Ghimire, Md. Belal Hossain, Suvasish Das Shuvo, Manika Saha, Sneha Sarwar, Md. Mohibur Hossain Nirob, Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran, Mark F. Harris
Background Burgeoning burden of non-communicable disease among older adults is one of the emerging public health problems. In the COVID-19 pandemic, health services in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, have been disrupted. This may have posed challenges for older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in accessing essential health care services in the current pandemic. The present study aimed at exploring the challenges experienced by older Bangladeshi adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in receiving regular health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and methods The study followed a cross-sectional design and was conducted among 1032 Bangladeshi older adults aged 60 years and above during October 2020 through telephone interviews. Self-reported information on nine non-communicable chronic conditions (osteoarthritis, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic kidney disease, cancer) was collected. Participants were asked if they faced any difficulties in accessing medicine and receiving routine medical care for their medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The association between non-communicable chronic conditions and accessing medication and health care was analysed using binary logic regression model.
Results Most of the participants aged 60–69 years (77.8%), male (65.5%), married (81.4%), had no formal schooling (58.3%) and resided in rural areas (73.9%). Although more than half of the participants (58.9%) reported having a single condition, nearly one-quarter (22.9%) had multimorbidity. About a quarter of the participants reported difficulties accessing medicine (23%) and receiving routine medical care (27%) during the pandemic, and this was significantly higher among those suffering from multimorbidity. In the adjusted analyses, participants with at least one condition (AOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.33–2.85) and with multimorbidity (AOR: 4.75, 95% CI: 3.17–7.10) had a higher likelihood of experiencing difficulties accessing medicine. Similarly, participants with at least one condition (AOR: 3.08, 95% CI: 2.11–4.89) and with multimorbidity (AOR: 6.34, 95% CI: 4.03–9.05) were significantly more likely to face difficulties receiving routine medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusions Our study found that a sizeable proportion of the older adults had difficulties in accessing medicine and receiving routine medical care during the pandemic. The study findings highlight the need to develop an appropriate health care delivery pathway and strategies to maintain essential health services during any emergencies and beyond. We also argue the need to prioritise the health of older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in the centre of any emergency response plan and policies of Bangladesh.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDonglin Hu, He Zhang, Yingshuang Sun, Yongqin Li
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
by Donglin Hu, He Zhang, Yingshuang Sun, Yongqin Li
Background The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has greatly changed people’s daily lives, forcing countries to take actions, such as school shutdown, lockdown, isolation, and social distancing measures. It remains unclear how the closures, cancellations, and restrictions of schools and courses as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic affect the engagement of school-aged children and adolescents in relation to physical activity (PA).
Methods The articles in the databases of EBSCO (including AMED, CINAHL Plus, Health Business, Health Source MEDLINE with Full Text, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) published during the period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 will be retrieved, and the data in the selected articles are extracted, including research methods, demographics, and key results. Search outcomes were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) will be used to evaluate research quality. Two reviewers are responsible for completing the three tasks, namely selecting the articles that meet the inclusion criteria, extracting data in the articles selected, and evaluating their research quality. All findings, and especially primary outcomes will be summarized in a table format of findings. The results will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence for researchers in this subject area.
Aim The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years during 2020. 1). What impact has the COVID-19 pandemic had on PA levels in school-aged children and adolescents? 2). Investigating changes in the locations of school-aged children’s and adolescents’ PA between the pre-COVID-19 period (January 2020) and the COVID-19 period (December 2020).
Results We hope that this study will provide government authorities and health professionals with the necessary information in guiding actions and allocating resources, so that the situation of physical inactivity in school-aged children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic can be improved, thereby enhancing their physical health.
Protocol registration number This review was submitted and registered under CRD42020225976 in PROSPERO.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHuong Thi Thanh Nguyen, Dai Xuan Dinh, Van Minh Nguyen
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
by Huong Thi Thanh Nguyen, Dai Xuan Dinh, Van Minh Nguyen
Objective To survey the knowledge, attitude, and practices of Vietnamese pharmacists regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method This cross-sectional, paper-based study was conducted from June to August 2020. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) was used to interview 1,023 pharmacists in nine provinces of Vietnam. Analysis of covariance was employed to identify factors associated with the knowledge of pharmacists. The best model was chosen by using the Bayesian Model Averaging method in R software version 4.0.4.
Results The mean knowledge score was 12.02 ± 1.64 (range: 6–15), which indicated that 93.4% of pharmacists had good knowledge of COVID-19. There was no difference in the average score between males and females (p > 0.05). The multivariate linear regression model revealed that the knowledge was significantly associated with pharmacists’ age, education level, and residence (p < 0.001). About attitude and practices, pharmacists daily sought and updated information on the COVID-19 pandemic through mass media and the internet (social network and online newspapers). Nearly 48% of them conceded that they communicated with customers when at least one person did not wear a face mask at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. At medicine outlets, many measures were applied to protect pharmacists and customers, such as equipping pharmacists with face masks and hand sanitizers (95.0%), using glass shields (83.0%), and maintaining at least one-meter distance between two people (85.2%).
Conclusion The pharmacists’ knowledge of COVID-19 transmission, symptoms, and prevention was good. Many useful measures against the spread of this perilous virus were applied in medicine outlets. However, pharmacists should restrict forgetting to wear face masks in communication with medicine purchasers. The government and health agencies should have practical remedies to reduce the significant differences in the COVID-19 knowledge of pharmacists among provinces and education-level groups.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCorbett, K. S., Nason, M. C., Flach, B., Gagne, M., OConnell, S., Johnston, T. S., Shah, S. N., Edara, V. V., Floyd, K., Lai, L., McDanal, C., Francica, J. R., Flynn, B., Wu, K., Choi, A., Koch, M., Abiona, O. M., Werner, A. P., Moliva, J. I., Andrew, S. F., Donaldson, M. M., Fintzi, J., Flebbe, D. R., Lamb, E., Noe, A. T., Nurmukhambetova, S. T., Provost, S. J., Cook, A., Dodson, A., Faudree, A., Greenhouse, J., Kar, S., Pessaint, L., Porto, M., Steingrebe, K., Valentin, D., Zouantcha, S., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., Nagata, B. M., van de Wetering, R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Leung, K., Shi, W., Yang, E. S., Zhang, Y., Todd, J.-P. M., Wang, L., Alvarado, G. S., Andersen, H., Foulds, K. E., Edwards, D. K., Mascola, J. R., Moore, I. N., Lewis, M. G., Carfi, A., Montefiori, D., Suthar, M. S., McDermott, A., Roederer, M., Sullivan, N. J., Douek, D. C., Graham, B. S., Seder, R. A.
Science, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. Here, nonhuman primates (NHPs) received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 to 100 μg of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, mRNA-1273. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited robust circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and most strongly correlated with levels of anti-S antibody and neutralizing activity. Lower antibody levels are needed for reduction of viral replication in the lower airway than in the upper airway. Passive transfer of mRNA-1273-induced IgG to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Thus, mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in NHPs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Abstract
Background
In addition to rotavirus and norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV) and classic human astrovirus (classic HAstV) are important pathogens of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, we present the molecular epidemiology of HAdV and classic HAstV in children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai.
Methods
Fecal specimens were collected from 804 outpatient infants and young children diagnosed with acute diarrhea in Shanghai from January 2017 to December 2018. All of the samples were screened for the presence of HAdV and classic HAstV. HAdV and classic HAstV were detected using traditional PCR and reverse-transcription PCR, respectively. All of the HAdV and classic HAstV positive samples were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis.
Results
Among the 804 fecal samples, 8.58% (69/804) of samples were infected with either HAdV or classic HAstV, and five were co-infected with two diarrhea viruses. The overall detection rates of HAdV and classic HAstV were 3.47% (28/804) and 5.22% (42/804), respectively. Four subgroups (A, B, C, and F) and seven genotypes (HAdV-C1, −C2, −B3, −C5, −A31, −F40, and -F41) of HAdV were detected. Subgroup F had the highest constituent ratio at 64.29% (18/28), followed by non-enteric HAdV of subgroup C (21.43%, 6/28) and subgroup B 10.71% (3/28). HAdV-F41 (60.71%, 17/28) was the dominant genotype, followed by HAdV-C2 (14.29%, 4/28) and HAdV-B3 (10.71%, 3/28). Two genotypes of classic HAstV (HAstV-1 and HAstV-5) were identified in 42 samples during the study period; HAstV-1 (95.24%, 40/42) was the predominant genotype, and the other two strains were genotyped as HAstV-5. No significant differences were found between boys and girls in the detection rates of HAdV (P = 0.604) and classic HAstV (P = 0.275). Over half of the HAdV infections (82.14%, 23/28) and classic HAstV infections (66.67%, 28/42) occurred in children less than 36 months. Seasonal preferences of HAdV and classic HAstV infections were summer and winter, respectively. In this study, the common clinical symptoms of children with acute diarrhea were diarrhea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that HAdV and classic HAstV play important roles in the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea in children in Shanghai. Systematic and long-term surveillance of HAdV and classic HAstV are needed to monitor their prevalence in children and prevent major outbreak.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSriram Selvaraju, Kannan Thiruvengadam, Basilea Watson, Nataraj Thirumalai, Muniyandi Malaiswamy, Chandrasekaran Vedachalam, Soumya Swaminathan, Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
We aimed to measure the mortality rate, potential years of life lost, and excess general mortality among individuals treated for pulmonary TB in a TB endemic country.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFabian von Dehn, Nico T. Mutters, Vanessa Eichel, Uta Merle, Thorsten Brenner, Michael Nafe, Anja Sander, Martin Wolkewitz, Uwe Frank
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
To investigate the effect of daily whole-body bathing (WBB) using disposable washcloth wipes/caps impregnated with an antiseptic solution containing the quaternary ammonium base compound didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC)
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPeeters, D., van Geloven, N., Visser, L. E., Bogaert, D., van Rossum, A. M. C., Driessen, G. J. A., Verhagen, L. M.
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Introduction
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) affect children all over the world and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In particular, recurrent RTIs cause a high burden of disease and lead to frequent doctor visits. Children with recurrent RTIs generally have no significant alterations or deficits in systemic immunity. In an attempt to treat the assumed bacterial component involved, they are often treated with prolonged courses of prophylactic antibiotics taken on a daily basis. Despite its common use, there is no evidence that this is beneficial. Studies assessing the clinical effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis as well as potential adverse effects and antibiotic resistance development, are therefore urgently needed.
Methods and analysis
We present a protocol for a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial comparing co-trimoxazole with placebo treatment in children with recurrent RTIs. A total of 158 children (aged 6 months–10 years) with recurrent RTIs without significant comorbidity will be enrolled from a minimum of 10 Dutch hospitals. One group receives co-trimoxazole 18 mg/kg two times per day (36 mg/kg/day) and the other group receives a placebo two times per day for a period of 3 months. The main objective is to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis is more effective than placebo to prevent/reduce respiratory symptoms in children with recurrent RTIs. Respiratory symptoms will be scored by parents on a daily basis in both study arms by the use of a mobile phone application. Our primary outcome will be the number of days with at least two respiratory symptoms during the treatment.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Research Committee Zuidwest Holland/LDD. A manuscript with the study results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. All participants will be informed about the study results. The results of the study will inform clinical guidelines regarding the prophylactic treatment of children with recurrent RTIs.
Trial registration number
NL7044.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNomikos, P. A., Hall, M., Fuller, A., Millar, B., Ogollah, R., Valdes, A., Doherty, M., Walsh, D. A., das Nair, R., Abhishek, A.
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Objectives
To evaluate fidelity of delivery of a nurse-led non-pharmacological complex intervention for knee pain.
Setting
Secondary care. Single-centre study.
Study design
Mixed methods study.
Participants
Eighteen adults with chronic knee pain.
Inclusion criteria
Age >40 years, knee pain present for longer than 3 months, knee pain for most days of the previous month, at least moderate pain in two of the five domains of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain scale.
Interventions
Nurse-led non-pharmacological intervention comprising assessment, education, exercise, use of hot/cold treatments, footwear modification, walking aids and weight-loss advice (if required).
Outcome(s)
Primary: fidelity of delivery of intervention, secondary: nurses’ experience of delivering intervention.
Methods
Each intervention session with every participant was video recorded and formed part of fidelity assessment. Fidelity checklists were completed by the research nurse after each session and by an independent researcher, after viewing the video-recordings blinded to nurse ratings. Fidelity scores (%), percentage agreement and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with the research nurse.
Results
Fourteen participants completed all visits. 62 treatment sessions took place. Nurse self-report and assessor video rating scores for all 62 treatment sessions were included in fidelity assessment. Overall fidelity was higher on nurse self-report (97.7%) than on objective video-rating (84.2%). Percentage agreement between nurse self-report and video-rating was 73.3% (95% CI 71.3 to 75.3). Fidelity was lowest for advice on footwear and walking aids. The nurse reported difficulty advising on thermal treatments, footwear and walking aids, and did not feel confident negotiating achievable and realistic goals with participants.
Conclusions
A trained research nurse can deliver most components of a non-pharmacological intervention for knee pain to a high degree of fidelity. Future research should assess intervention fidelity in a routine clinical setting, and examine its clinical and cost-effectiveness.
Trial registration number
NCT03670706.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGallagher, J., Chisale, M., Das, S., Drew, R. J., Gleseva, N., Wildes, D. M., De Gascun, C., Wu, T.-S. J., Ledwidge, M. T., Watson, C., On behalf of BIOTOPE team
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Objective
To determine the aetiology of community acquired pneumonia in children presenting to primary care in Northern Malawi, and to ascertain predictors for identification of children requiring hospitalisation.
Design
The BIOmarkers TO diagnose PnEumonia study was a prospective cohort study conducted from March to June 2016.
Setting
Primary care in Northern Malawi.
Patients
494 children aged 2 –59 months with WHO defined pneumonia.
Main outcome(s) and measure(s)
Number of children with bacterial infection identified and the sensitivity/specificity of WHO markers of severity for need for hospitalisation.
Results
13 (2.6%) children had a bacterium consistent with pneumonia identified. A virus consistent with pneumonia was identified in in 448 (90.7%) of children. 56 children were admitted to hospital and two children died within 30 days. 442 (89.5%) received antibiotic therapy. Eleven children (2.6%) had HIV. WHO severity markers at baseline demonstrated poor sensitivity for the need for hospitalisation with a sensitivity of 0.303 (95% CI 0.188 to 0.441) and a specificity 0.9 (95% CI 0.868 to 0.926). A prediction rule to indicate the need for hospitalisation was developed.
Conclusions and relevance
The low rate of bacterial infection and high use of antibiotics in the setting of high immunisation rates highlights the changing profile of childhood pneumonia. Similarly, the markers of need for hospitalisation may have changed in the setting of extended immunisation. Further studies are required to examine this.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAbrha, S., Christenson, J. K., McEwen, J., Tesfaye, W., Vaz Nery, S., Chang, A. Y., Spelman, T., Kosari, S., Kigen, G., Carroll, S., Heukelbach, J., Feldmeier, H., Bartholomaeus, A., Daniel, M., Peterson, G. M., Thomas, J.
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Introduction
Tungiasis (sand flea disease or jigger infestation) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, in the skin. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children, in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and a simple, safe and effective tungiasis treatment option is required. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as a parasiticidal agent against ectoparasites such as headlice, mites and fleas with proven safety and efficacy data. However, current data are insufficient to warrant a recommendation for its use in tungiasis. This trial aims to generate these data by comparing the safety and efficacy of a 5% (v/w) TTO proprietary gel formulation with 0.05% (w/v) potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution for tungiasis treatment.
Methods and analysis
This trial is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in primary schools (n=8) in South-Western Kenya. The study will include school children (n=88) aged 6–15 years with a confirmed diagnosis of tungiasis. The participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 3-day two times a day treatment of either 5% TTO gel or 0.05% KMnO4 solution. Two viable embedded sandflea lesions per participant will be targeted and the viability of these lesions will be followed throughout the study using a digital handheld microscope. The primary outcome is the proportion of observed viable embedded sand fleas that have lost viability (non-viable lesions) by day 10 (9 days after first treatment). Secondary outcomes include improvement in acute tungiasis morbidities assessed using a validated severity score for tungiasis, safety assessed through adverse events and product acceptability assessed by interviewing the participants to rate the treatment in terms of effectiveness, side effects, convenience, suitability and overall satisfaction.
Ethics and dissemination
The trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the University of Canberra Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-2019-2114). The findings of the study will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Trial registration numbers
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001610123); PACTR202003651095100 and U1111-1243-2294.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedvan der Velden, A. W., Bax, E. A., Bongard, E., Munck Aabenhus, R., Anastasaki, M., Anthierens, S., Balan, A., Böhmer, F., Bruno, P., Chlabicz, S., Coenen, S., Colliers, A., Emmerich, S., Garcia-Sangenis, A., Ghazaryan, H., van der Linde, S. R., Malania, L., Pauer, J., Tomacinschii, A., Tonkin-Crine, S., Vellinga, A., Zastavnyy, I., Verheij, T., Goossens, H., Butler, C. C.
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Objective
To describe primary health care (consultation characteristics and management) for patients contacting their general practitioner (GP) with a respiratory tract infection (RTI) early on in the COVID-19 pandemic in contrasting European countries, with comparison to prepandemic findings.
Setting
Primary care in 16 countries (79 practices), when no routine SARS-CoV-2 testing was generally available.
Design and participants
Before (n=4376) and early in the pandemic (n=3301), patients with RTI symptoms were registered in this prospective audit study.
Outcome measures
Consultation characteristics (type of contact and use of PPE) and management characteristics (clinical assessments, diagnostic testing, prescribing, advice and referral) were registered. Differences in these characteristics between countries and between pandemic and prepandemic care are described.
Results
Care for patients with RTIs rapidly switched to telephone/video consultations (10% in Armenia, 91% in Denmark), and when consultations were face-to-face, GPs used PPE during 97% (95% CI 96% to 98%) of contacts. Laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 in primary care patients with RTIs was rapidly implemented in Denmark (59%) and Germany (31%), while overall testing for C reactive protein decreased. The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics varied considerably between countries (3% in Belgium, 48% in UK) and was lower during the pandemic compared with the months before, except for Greece, Poland and UK. GPs provided frequent and varied COVID-related advice and more frequently scheduled a follow-up contact (50%, 95% CI 48% to 52%). GPs reported a slightly higher degree of confidence in the likely effectiveness of their management in face-to-face (73% (very) confident, 95% CI 71% to 76%) than in virtual consultations (69%, 95% CI 67% to 71%).
Conclusions
Despite between-country variation in consultation characteristics, access to SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing and medication prescribing, GPs reported a high degree of confidence in managing their patients with RTIs in the emerging pandemic. Insight in the highly variable pandemic responses, as measured in this multicountry audit, can aid in fine-tuning national action and in coordinating a pan-European response during future pandemic threats.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarcon, A. R., Turvey, S., Caulfield, T.
BMJ Open, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Objective
Extensive research and important discoveries on the microbiome have led to a growth in media coverage. This study explores how the microbiome has been portrayed in press sources popular among American and Canadian audiences.
Design
Content analysis.
Methods
Using the FACTIVA Database, we compiled a finalised data set of (N=830) articles from press sources popular among American and Canadian audiences which were published between 1 January 2018 and 11 October 2019 and which contained at least one of the following search terms: ‘microbiome’, ‘microbiota’, ‘gut health’, ‘healthy gut’, ‘unhealthy gut’, ‘gut bacteria’, ‘probiotic’ or ‘probiotics.’ We performed content analysis on the articles to determine how often ideas of the microbiome were presented as beneficial, in which health contexts, and whether actions could be taken to reap stated benefits. We compared this portrayal of benefits with critical portrayals of the microbiome.
Results
Almost all of the articles (94%) described health benefits associated with the microbiome with many (79%) describing actions which could be taken to reap stated benefits. Articles most often described health benefits in more broad, general context (34%) and most commonly outlined actions related to food/drug (45%) as well as probiotic (27%) intake. Only some articles (19%) provided microbiome-related critiques or limitations. Some of the articles (22%) were focused on highlighting specific research developments, and in these articles, critiques or limitations were more common.
Conclusions
Articles discussing the microbiome published for American and Canadian audiences typically hype the microbiome’s impact and popularise gut health trends while only offering a little in the way of communicating microbiome science. Lifestyle choices including nutrition, taking probiotics, stress management and exercise are often promoted as means of reaping the microbiome-related health benefits. The trend of actionable ‘gut health’ is foregrounded over more evidence-based descriptions of microbiome science.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted supply chains for many types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), particularly surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs; “masks”). As a consequence, an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the FDA has allowed use of industrial N95 respirators and importation of N95-type masks manufactured to international standards; these include KN95 masks from China and FFP2 masks from the European Union.
Methods
We conducted a survey of masks in the inventory of major academic medical centers in Boston, MA to determine provenance and manufacturer or supplier. We then assembled a testing apparatus at a university laboratory and performed a modified test of filtration performance using KCl and ambient particulate matter on masks from hospital inventories; an accompanying website shows how to build and use the testing apparatus.
Results
Over 100 different makes and models of traditional and nontraditional filtering facepiece respirators (N95-type masks) were in the inventory of surveyed U.S. teaching hospitals as opposed to 2–5 models under normal circumstances. A substantial number of unfamiliar masks are from unknown manufacturers. Many are not correctly labelled and do not perform to accepted standards and a subset are obviously dangerous; many of these masks are likely to be counterfeit. Due to the absence of publicly available information on mask suppliers and inconsistent labeling of KN95 masks, it is difficult to distinguish between legitimate and counterfeit products.
Conclusions
Many FFRs available for procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic do not provide levels of fit and filtration similar to those of N95 masks and are not acceptable for use in healthcare settings. Based on these results, and in consultation with occupational health officers, we make six recommendations to assist end users in acquiring legitimate products. Institutions should always assess masks from non-traditional supply chains by checking their markings and manufacturer information against data provided by NIOSH and the latest FDA EUA Appendix A. In the absence of verifiable information on the legitimacy of mask source, institutions should consider measuring mask fit and filtration directly. We also make suggestions for regulatory agencies regarding labeling and public disclosure aimed at increasing pandemic resilience.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Abstract
Background
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the most widely used interventions for malaria control in Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the ownership and utilization of ITNs and the knowledge of malaria and their effects on malariometric and haematological indices in children living in the Mount Cameroon area.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study involving a total of 405 children aged between 6 months and 14 years living in Batoke–Limbe was carried out between July and October 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to document demographic status, knowledge on malaria and ITN ownership and usage. Venous blood sample was collected from each child to determine the prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia by Giemsa-stained microscopy and full blood count by auto haematology analysis to obtain white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) level, haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). A multilinear regression model was used to determine the relationship between haematological parameter as dependent variable and the independent variables.
Results
The overall prevalence of parasitaemia, anaemia, knowledge about malaria, ITN ownership, usage and effective usage was 46.7%, 54.7%, 40.7%, 78.8%, 50.9% and 29.9%, respectively. The prevalence of parasitaemia was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in children who ineffectively utilized ITNs (54.9%) than effective users (27.3%). Having knowledge of malaria, negatively correlated with WBC counts (P = 0.005), but positively correlated with Hb levels (P < 0.001), RBC counts (P < 0.001), Hct (P < 0.001), MCV (P < 0.001) and MCH (P < 0.001). ITN use positively correlated with WBC counts (P = 0.005) but negatively with Hb levels (P = 0.004), RBC counts (P = 0.006), and MCH (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, parasitaemia negatively correlated with Hb levels (P = 0.004), RBC counts (P = 0.01), Hct (P = 0.04) and MCHC (P = 0.015).
Conclusion
There is need for more sensitization on the benefits of using the ITNs to meet up with the intended and expected impact of the free distribution of ITNs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMuzakkir Amir, Hendry Yoseph, Aulia Thufael Al Farisi, James Klemens Phieter Phie, Andi Tiara Salengke Adam
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
The novel human coronavirus (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has become the fifth documented pandemic which has spread worldwide and is currently a global threat. (Yu et al., 2006) Arrhythmic events have become a part of cardiac manifestations related to Covid-19 infection that has been reported in multiple publications. (Xiong, Redwood, Prendergast, and Chen, 2020, Bansal, 2020, Ulhaq and Soraya, 2020) Bradycardia as a possible clinical feature in Covid-19 hospitalized patients is not well understood but studies suggest this condition to be due to multiple factors which include direct myocardial damage, inflammatory response, hypoxia, and down-regulation of ACE2.
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International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
The socioeconomic, political and healthcare crisis of the last two decades has resulted in violence, poverty and the massive migration of Venezuelans to neighboring countries (Daniels 2020), driving further economic and social instability and catalyzing the overflow of infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue, tuberculosis, HIV, and most recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Grillet et al. 2019; Rodríguez-Morales et al.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSai Deepak Yaranagula, Venkata Krishna Chaitanya Koduri
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Acute neuropathy in Covid-19 disease is a well-recognized association. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), Acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN)and other varieties of Covid-19 associated Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)have been summarized in systematic reviews (Abu-Rumeileh et al., 2021; Sriwastava et al., 2021). Though previous authors have described electrophysiological characteristics of Covid 19 related neuropathy, they are limited to specific neuropathy types such as AIDP (Uncini et al, 2021) or critical illness neuropathy (Frithiof et al, 2021).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYi-Hsuan Chen, Chi-Tai Fang, Yu-Ling Huang
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
By July 19, 2021, there are more than 188 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 4 million deaths globally (World Health Organization 2021). Strict lockdown (confining people at home or shelter) has been widely enforced to limit the spread of its etiological agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Kraemer et al., 2020), but remains highly controversial due to the profound negative impacts on the society (The Great Barrington Declaration 2021).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJ. Friedman, L. Leibovici
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
The number of article submissions to CMI in 2020 was 4315 (Figure 1), almost twice the number of submissions in 2019. In 2020 we accepted 9% of the original submissions. A large percentage of submissions were on COVID-19. We have tried to maintain the usual quality of our editorial process, and at the same time shorten the time to publication for relevant studies (1).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrenna L. Hughes, Rebecca G. Clifton, Dwight J. Rouse, George R. Saade, Mara J. Dinsmoor, Uma M. Reddy, Robert Pass, Donna Allard, Gail Mallett, Lida M. Fette, Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman, Michael W. Varner, William H. Goodnight, Alan T.N. Tita, Maged M. Costantine, Geeta K. Swamy, Ronald S. Gibbs, Edward K. Chien, Suneet P. Chauhan, Yasser Y. El-Sayed, Brian M. Casey, Samuel Parry, Hyagriv N. Simhan, Peter G. Napolitano, George A. Macones
New England Journal of Medicine, 28.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 385, Issue 5, Page 436-444, July 2021.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMoriah Bergwerk, Tal Gonen, Yaniv Lustig, Sharon Amit, Marc Lipsitch, Carmit Cohen, Michal Mandelboim, Einav Gal Levin, Carmit Rubin, Victoria Indenbaum, Ilana Tal, Malka Zavitan, Neta Zuckerman, Adina Bar-Chaim, Yitshak Kreiss, Gili Regev-Yochay
New England Journal of Medicine, 28.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Richard TAGNE SIMO, Fonyuy B. KIAFON, Charlette NANGUE, André P. GOURA, Jackson L. EBUNE, Moki C. USANI, Armel H. NWABO KAMDJE, Paul F. SEKE ETET, Phélix B. TELEFO
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Cervical cancer is most often caused by infection of the cervix by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) (He and He, 2019), a sexually transmitted virus that mostly infects women during their reproductive years (Kim et al., 2019). Approximately 90% of HPV infections are asymptomatic, controlled by the immune system, and cleared within two years. However, the remaining 10% may persist and progress to dysplasia and invasive carcinoma through a mechanism involving oncoproteins E6 and E7 and other co-carcinogens, and eventually a compromised immune system (Matovelo et al., 2012).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHa-Linh Quach, Khanh Cong Nguyen, Ngoc-Anh Hoang, Thai Quang Pham, Duong Nhu Tran, Mai Thi Quynh Le, Hung Thai Do, Chien Chinh Vien, Lan Trong Phan, Nghia Duy Ngu, Tu Anh Tran, Dinh Cong Phung, Quang Dai Tran, Tan Quang Dang, Duc-Anh Dang, Florian Vogt
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
As of June 2021, more than 182 million COVID-19 cases and nearly 3.9 million deaths related to COVID-19 have been reported globally (World Health Organization 2021). Various public health measures were implemented at different stages across the world, with varying success (Liu et al., 2021, Flaxman et al., 2020, Li et al., 2021). China successfully contained the outbreak through strict lockdown measures (Pan et al., 2020, Tu et al., 2020). High-income countries like New Zealand, Australia or Taiwan came close to elimination of community transmission for several months during 2020 through strict border control and extensive contact tracing (Summers et al., 2020).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarkus Ganter, Friedrich Frischknecht
Trends in Parasitology, 28.07.2021
Tilføjet 29.07.2021
Plasmodium merozoites invade erythrocytes in a stepwise manner through ligand binding, calcium signaling, and membrane deformation. Using a recently developed light-sheet microscope, Geoghegan et al. investigated invasion with unprecedented temporal resolution. Their spectacular footage revealed roles for host cell cholesterol and pore formation at the parasite–host cell interface.
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