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1
Remdesivir significantly reduces SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load on nasopharyngeal swabs in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19: a retrospective case‐control study.
Annalucia Biancofiore, Antonio Mirijello, Maria Alessandra Puteo, Maria Pia Di Viesti, Maria Labonia, Massimiliano Copetti, Salvatore De Cosmo, Renato Lombardi, CSS‐COVID‐19 Group
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
2
Environmental risk factors and genetic markers of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection among Uygur population in Xinjiang, China
Xin Zhang, Qiwen Fang, Sibo Zhu, Xuefu Wu, HuangboYuan, Zhenqiu Liu, Yiyun Xu, Tao Chen, Yan Zeng, Tiejun Zhang
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
3
Emergence of Omicron third lineage BA.3 and its importance
Perumal Arumugam Desingu, K. Nagarajan, Kuldeep Dhama
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
4
Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against severe illness in B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients in Jiangsu, China
Zhiliang Hu, Bilin Tao, Zhongqi Li, Yan Song, Changhua Yi, Junwei Li, Meng Zhu, Yongxiang Yi, Peng Huang, Jianming Wang
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
5
Case report: Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia related to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination
Saori Amiya, Jun Fujimoto, Kinnosuke Matsumoto, Makoto Yamamoto, Yuji Yamamoto, Midori Yoneda, Tomoki Kuge, Kotaro Miyake, Takayuki Shiroyama, Haruhiko Hirata, Yoshito Takeda, Atsushi Kumanogoh
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
6
Hypothyroidism does not lead to worse prognosis in COVID-19: findings from the Brazilian COVID-19 registry
Daniella Nunes Pereira, Leticia Ferreira Gontijo Silveira, Milena Maria Moreira Guimarães, Carísi Anne Polanczyk, Aline Gabrielle Sousa Nunes, André Soares de Moura Costa, Barbara Lopes Farace, Christiane Corrêa Rodrigues Cimini, Cíntia Alcantara de Carvalho, Daniela Ponce, Eliane Würdig Roesch, Euler Roberto Fernandes Manenti, Fernanda Barbosa Lucas, Fernanda d'Athayde Rodrigues, Fernando Anschau, Fernando Graça Aranha, Frederico Bartolazzi, Giovanna Grunewald Vietta, Guilherme Fagundes Nascimento, Helena Duani, Heloisa Reniers Vianna, Henrique Cerqueira Guimarães, Jamille Hemétrio Salles Martins Costa, Joanna d'Arc Lyra Batista, Joice Coutinho de Alvarenga, José Miguel Chatkin, Júlia Drumond Parreiras de Morais, Juliana Machado-Rugolo, Karen Brasil Ruschel, Lílian Santos Pinheiro, Luanna Silva Monteiro Menezes, Luciana Siuves Ferreira Couto, Luciane Kopittke, Luís César de Castro, Luiz Antônio Nasi, Máderson Alvares de Souza Cabral, Maiara Anschau Floriani, Maíra Dias Souza, Marcelo Carneiro, Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho, Mariana Frizzo de Godoy, Matheus Carvalho Alves Nogueira, Milton Henriques Guimarães Júnior, Natália da Cunha Severino Sampaio, Neimy Ramos de Oliveira, Pedro Ledic Assaf, Renan Goulart Finger, Roberta Xavier Campos, Rochele Mosmann Menezes, Saionara Cristina Francisco, Samuel Penchel Alvarenga, Silvana Mangeon Mereilles Guimarães, Silvia Ferreira Araújo, Talita Fischer Oliveira, Thulio Henrique Oliveira Diniz, Yuri Carlotto Ramires, Evelin Paola de Almeida Cenci, Thainara Conceição de Oliveira, Alexandre Vargas Schwarzbold, Patricia Klarmann Ziegelmann, Roberta Pozza, Caroline Scherer Carvalho, Magda Carvalho Pires, Milena Soriano Marcolino
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
7
Systematic review of factors promoting behaviour change towards antibiotic use in hospitals
Emilie Pouly, Maïder Coppry, Anne-Marie Rogues, Catherine Dumartin
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
8
Mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress during viral infection
Jonathan Foo, Gregory Bellot, Shazib Pervaiz, Sylvie Alonso
Trends in Microbiology, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
Through oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria play a central role in energy production and are an important production source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Not surprisingly, viruses have evolved to exploit this organelle in order to support their infection cycle. Beyond its role in the cellular antiviral response, induction of oxidative stress has emerged as a common strategy employed by many viruses to promote their replication. Here, we review the key molecular mechanisms employed by viruses to interact with mitochondria and induce oxidative stress.
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9
Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression and vaccination efficacy
Bradley Whitehead, Simon Christiansen, Lars Østergaard, Peter Nejsum
Trends in Parasitology, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
Almost two years into the COVID-19 pandemic it remains to be determined how helminths interact with SARS-CoV-2. We discuss how helminths may alter susceptibility to infection, COVID-19 pathology and efficiency of vaccines by combined analysis of available COVID-19 data and previous investigations of the effect of helminths in viral infections.
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10
Trypanosoma evansi
Alireza Sazmand, Marc Desquesnes, Domenico Otranto
Trends in Parasitology, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 19.01.2022
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of 'surra', is a flagellated hemoprotozoan parasite. It kills thousands of animals every year and causes significant animal morbidity and loss of productivity. T. evansi originated from Trypanosoma brucei through deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplast DNA which conferred the capacity for mechanical transmission by flies and allowed T. evansi to expand beyond the tsetse belt. Presently, it is the most widely distributed pathogenic trypanosome in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, but its potential for geographical extension is not limited, as shown by recent sporadic cases in Spain and France.
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11
Long-term effects of evolocumab in participants with HIV and dyslipidemia: results from the open-label extension period
Boccara, Franck; Caramelli, Bruno; Calmy, Alexandra; Kumar, Princy; López, J. Antonio G.; Bray, Sarah; Cyrille, Marcoli; Rosenson, Robert S.; for the investigators of the BEIJERINCK study
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objectives:
People with HIV (PWH) are at an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Suboptimal responses to statin therapy in PWH may result from antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). This open-label extension study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of evolocumab up to 52 weeks in PWH.
Design:
This final analysis of a multinational, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized phase 3 trial evaluated the effect of monthly subcutaneous evolocumab 420 mg on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) during the open-label period (OLP) following 24 weeks of double-blind period in PWH with hypercholesterolemia/mixed dyslipidemia. All participants enrolled had elevated LDL-C or nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and were on stable maximally tolerated statin and stable ART.
Methods:
Efficacy was assessed by percentage change from baseline in LDL–C, triglycerides, and atherogenic lipoproteins. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were examined.
Results:
Of the 467 participants randomized in the double-blind period, 451 (96.6%) received at least one dose of evolocumab during the OLP (mean age of 56.4 years, 82.5% male, mean duration with HIV of 17.4 years). By the end of the 52-week OLP, the overall mean (SD) percentage change in LDL-C from baseline was -57.8% (22.8%). Evolocumab also reduced triglycerides, atherogenic lipid parameters (non-HDL-C, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein[a]), and increased HDL-C. TEAEs were similar between placebo and evolocumab during the OLP.
Conclusion:
Long-term administration of evolocumab lowered LDL-C and non-HDL-C, allowing more PWH to achieve recommended lipid goals with no serious adverse events.
Trail Registration:
NCT02833844
Video abstract:
http://links.lww.com/QAD/C441
Correspondence to Dr Franck Boccara, Cardiology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, 184, rue du faubourg St-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France. Tel: +33 149282449; fax: +33 149282683; e-mail: franck.boccara@aphp.fr
Received 4 August, 2021
Revised 2 December, 2021
Accepted 7 December, 2021
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.AIDSonline.com).
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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12
Strategies to improve HIV care outcomes for people with HIV who are out of care: a meta-analysis
Higa, Darrel H.; Crepaz, Nicole; Mullins, Mary M.; Adegbite-Johnson, Adebukola; Gunn, Jayleen K.L.; Denard, Christa; Mizuno, Yuko; the Prevention Research Synthesis Project
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five intervention strategies: patient navigation, appointment help/alerts, psychosocial support, transportation/appointment accompaniment, and data-to-care on HIV care outcomes among persons with HIV (PWH) who are out of care (OOC).
Design:
A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Methods:
We searched CDC's Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) Project's cumulative HIV database to identify intervention studies conducted in the U.S., published between 2000 and 2020 that included comparisons between groups or prepost, and reported at least one relevant outcome (i.e., re-engagement and retention in HIV care, and viral suppression). Effect sizes were meta-analyzed using random-effect models to assess intervention effectiveness.
Results:
Thirty-nine studies reporting on 42 unique interventions met the inclusion criteria. Overall, intervention strategies are effective in improving re-engagement in care [odds ratio (OR) = 1.79; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.36–2.36, k = 14], retention in care (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.64–2.64, k = 22), and viral suppression (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.87–3.34, k = 27). Patient navigation, appointment help/alerts, psychosocial support, and transportation/appointment accompaniment improved all three HIV care outcomes. Data-to-care improved re-engagement and retention but had insufficient evidence for viral suppression.
Conclusion:
Several strategies are effective for improving HIV care outcomes among PWH who are OOC. More work is still needed for consistent definitions of OCC and HIV care outcomes, better reporting of intervention and cost data, and identifying how best to implement and scale-up effective strategies to engage and retain OOC PWH in care and reach the ending the HIV epidemic goals.
Correspondence to Darrel H. Higa, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mailstop US8 – 5, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. E-mail: iqe6@cdc.gov
Received 27 July, 2021
Revised 15 December, 2021
Accepted 10 January, 2022
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.AIDSonline.com).
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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13
Near-POC VL testing during pregnancy and viremia at delivery
Joseph, Jessica; Boeke, Caroline E.; Makadzange, Evidence Eve; Sithole, Kenny; Maparo, Tatenda; Mangwendeza, Phibeon Munyaradzi; Peter, Trevor; Sacks, Jilian A.; Simbi, Raiva; Khan, Shaukat; Mushavi, Angela
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objectives:
Assess whether near-point-of-care (POC) viral load (VL) testing at the first antenatal care visit (ANC1) increased the proportion of women taking antiretroviral therapy who were virally suppressed at delivery through expedited clinical action.
Design:
Difference-in-difference analysis.
Methods:
At 20 public sector facilities in Zimbabwe, 10 implemented near-POC VL testing at ANC1 (August 2019-November 2020) and 10 used centralized VL testing at ANC1. Study endpoints included time to result received, clinical action, and unsuppressed VL (UVL; >1000copies/mL) at delivery.
Results:
Of 1782 women, only 46% came for ANC1 before their third trimester. Pre-implementation, 28% of women received VL testing at ANC1, increasing to 86% during implementation. In the near-POC VL arm, women were more likely to receive their result within 30 days of ANC1 sample collection compared with the centralized laboratory arm (54% versus 14%, RR: 4.17, 95% CI: 1.82–9.55), as well as receive clinical action among those with UVL (63% versus 8%, RR: 7.88; 95% CI: 1.53–40.47). However, we did not observe significant changes in risk of UVL at delivery with near-POC VL (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95–1.10).
Conclusions:
ANC1 VL coverage was initially low. Near-POC VL testing at ANC dramatically improved the timeliness of result receipt by patients and clinical action for those with an UVL at ANC1. Although we did not observe a significant impact of provision of near-POC VL at ANC1 on re-suppression at delivery, potentially due to late presentation for ANC1, continued near-POC VL testing during pregnancy and delivery may reduce UVL and MTCT risk.
Correspondence to Shaukat Khan, 383 Dorchester Avenue, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02127; e-mail: skhan@clintonhealthaccess.org
Received 25 July, 2021
Revised 14 December, 2021
Accepted 16 December, 2021
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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14
Aging, trends in CD4/CD8 ratio and clinical outcomes with persistent HIV suppression in the HIV outpatient study (HOPS)
Novak, Richard M.; Armon, Carl; Battalora, Linda; Buchacz, Kate; Li, Jun; Ward, Douglas; Carlson, Kimberly; Palella, Frank J. Jr; for the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Background:
Age blunts CD4+ lymphocyte cell count/mm3 (CD4) improvements observed with antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced viral suppression among people with HIV (PWH). Prolonged viral suppression reduces immune dysregulation, reflected by rising CD4/CD8 ratios (CD4/CD8). We studied CD4/CD8 over time to determine whether it predicts risk for select comorbidities and mortality among aging PWH with viral suppression.
Methods:
We studied HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants prescribed ART during 2000–2018 who achieved a VL
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15
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using non-invasive techniques among children, adolescents, and youths living with HIV
Carrasco, Itzíar; Olveira, Antonio; Lancharro, Ángel; Escosa, Luis; Mellado, María José; Busca, Carmen; Montes, María Luisa; Diez, Cristina; Alcolea, Sonia; Navarro, María Luisa; Sainz, Talía
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objective:
The prevalence of subclinical liver abnormalities is high among people living with HIV, but data regarding perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents (PHIV) are scarce. Non-invasive image techniques offer an opportunity to address non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a population in which the scores validated for adults have not been tested.
Design:
Prospective cross-sectional study including PHIV and uninfected controls.
Methods:
Non-invasive imaging techniques for the diagnosis of NAFLD and/or fibrosis were performed, and four scores to predict NAFLD were evaluated.
Results:
Seventy-six participants (59.2% women) with a median of 19 years old (IQR: 15.5–25.6) were included, 38 were PHIV and 38 were age and sex-matched controls. All HIV participants were on ART at the moment of inclusion, and 86.8% were virologically suppressed. A total of 11 PHIV and three controls were diagnosed with NAFLD (28.9% vs. 7.9%; p = 0.02) by non-invasive imaging techniques. The performance of scores based on clinical and analytical parameters was very poor. Although non-significant, overweight was more common among participants with NAFLD, who had a significantly higher BMI. Differences in HIV-related parameters between the groups were non-significant, except for the CD4/CD8+ T-cells ratio, decreased among PHIV diagnosed with NAFLD (p = 0.04).
Conclusions:
The prevalence of NAFLD was high (28.9%) among PHIV, and only partially explained by overweight and metabolic syndrome defining factors. The scores based on clinical and analytical parameters did not accurately identify subjects at risk. Therefore, liver ultrasound assessment should be considered for the screening of NAFLD among PHIV in routine clinical practice.
Correspondence to Itzíar Carrasco, Edificio Materno Infantil, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/ Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid. Tel: +34 91 426 51 61; e-mail: itziiaarcg@gmail.com
Received 18 August, 2021
Revised 20 December, 2021
Accepted 5 January, 2022
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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16
A novel prediction model to evaluate the probability of CD4/CD8 ratio restoration in HIV-infected individuals
Li, Bei; Zhang, Leidan; Liu, Ying; Xiao, Jing; Li, Cuilin; Fan, Lina; Duan, Yujiao; Xiao, Jiang; Hao, Yu; Han, Junyan; Kong, Yaxian; Zhao, Hongxin
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Background:
Our study aimed to develop a clinical prediction model to evaluate the possibility of CD4/CD8 ratio restoration in HIV-positive individuals.
Methods:
About 1980, HIV/AIDS patients initiated with antiretroviral treatment from Jan 1, 2013, to Dec 30, 2016, at Beijing Ditan Hospital and achieved persistent virological suppression during the four years follow-up were included in this study. Multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors and establish a predictive model. The model's performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and calibration plots.
Results:
Overall, after four years of treatment, a total of 455 individuals (22.98%) restored their CD4/CD8 ratio (≥1). The AUROC was 0.782 and 0.743 in the deriving and validation cohort, respectively. The ultimate model included five indexes: age at AIDS diagnosis, ALB, and syphilis status, and baseline CD4 and CD8 values. A nomogram further visualized the model, and the calibration plots indicated high agreement of predicted and observed outcomes.
Conclusions:
Our prediction model might be practical and easily applied to recognize HIV/AIDS individuals most likely to benefit from modern antiretroviral therapy.
Correspondence to Hongxin Zhao, Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jing Shun East Street, Beijing 100015, China. E-mail: Drzhao66@ccmu.edu.cn
Received 12 July, 2021
Revised 8 November, 2021
Accepted 5 January, 2022
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.AIDSonline.com).
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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17
Impaired antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in advanced HIV infection
Hassold, Nolan; Brichler, Ségolène; Ouedraogo, Elise; Leclerc, Delphine; Carroue, Sophie; Gater, Yamina; Alloui, Chakib; Carbonnelle, Etienne; Bouchaud, Olivier; Mechai, Frederic; Cordel, Hugues; Delagreverie, Heloise
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objectives:
COVID-19 vaccination is reportedly efficient in people living with HIV (PLHIV) but vaccine trials included participants with normal CD4+ T-cell counts. We analyzed seroconversion rates and antibody titers following 2-dose vaccination in PLHIV with impaired CD4+ T-cell counts.
Methods:
We collected retrospective post-vaccination SARS-COV-2 serology results available in a university hospital for PLHIV vaccinated between March and September, 2021 who were tested for anti-spike antibodies from 8 to 150 days following dose 2. Antibody titers were compared in PLHIV with CD4+T-cells
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18
Brain aging and cardiovascular factors in HIV: A longitudinal volume and shape MRI study
Jakabek, David; Rae, Caroline D.; Brew, Bruce J.; Cysique, Lucette A.
AIDS, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Objective:
We aimed to examine the relative contributions of HIV infection, age, and cardiovascular risk factors to subcortical brain atrophy in people with HIV (PWH).
Design:
Longitudinal observational study.
Methods:
Virally suppressed PWH with low neuropsychological confounds (n = 75) and demographically matched HIV-negative controls (n = 31) completed baseline and 18-month follow-up MRI scans, neuropsychological evaluation, cardiovascular assessments, and HIV laboratory tests. PWH were evaluated for HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Subcortical volumes were extracted with Freesurfer after removal of white matter hyperintensities. Volumetric and shape analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effect models incorporating interactions between age, time, and each of HIV status, HAND status, HIV disease factors, and cardiovascular markers.
Results:
Across baseline and follow-up PWH had smaller volumes of most subcortical structures compared to HIV-negative participants. Additionally, over time older PWH had a more rapid decline in caudate volumes (p = 0.041), predominantly in the more severe HAND subgroups (p = 0.042). Higher CD4 counts had a protective effect over time on subcortical structures for older participants with HIV. Increased cardiovascular risk factors were associated with smaller volumes across baseline and follow-up for most structures, although a more rapid decline over time was observed for striatal volumes. There were no significant shape analyses findings.
Conclusions:
The study demonstrates a three-hit model of general (as opposed to localised) subcortical injury in PWH: HIV infection associated with smaller volumes of most subcortical structures, HIV infection and aging synergy in the striatum, and cardiovascular-related injury linked to early and more rapid striatal atrophy.
Correspondence to David Jakabek, Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, 390 Victoria Road, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia. E-mail: djakabek@gmail.com
Received 20 December, 2020
Revised 2 January, 2022
Accepted 4 January, 2022
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.AIDSonline.com).
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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19
Acute hepatitis E virus superinfection increases mortality in patients with cirrhosis
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Although acute hepatitis E is not fatal in healthy individuals, it is unclear whether hepatitis E superinfection increases the mortality in patients with pre-existing liver disease. Thus, we investigated the prognosis of patients with acute hepatitis E according to their cirrhosis diagnosis, and the prognosis according to the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in patients with cirrhosis and chronic liver disease (CLD).
Methods
This study included 74 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis E between January 2007 and December 2019. Of them, 39 patients without CLD, 13 patients with non-cirrhotic CLD, and 22 patients with cirrhotic CLD were analyzed.
Results
Among the 74 patients with HEV infection, 7 (9.5%) died within 180 days: 5 with underlying cirrhosis (71.4%) and 2 without cirrhosis (28.6%). The 180-day mortality was significant higher for patients with cirrhosis than for patients without cirrhosis (22.7% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.013). The age- and sex-adjusted proportional-hazard model revealed an approximately eightfold increase in the 180-day mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis compared to patients without cirrhosis. In addition, development of hepatitis E virus-related ACLF due to acute liver function deterioration in patients with pre-existing CLD or cirrhosis worsened the 180-day mortality rate.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the acute hepatitis E mortality rate was low in healthy individuals but higher in patients with cirrhosis, and especially high in those with ACLF.
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20
Etiologies of fever of unknown origin in HIV/AIDS patients, Hanoi, Vietnam
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a challenge for clinicians treating patients with HIV/AIDS. CD4 counts can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to determine several common etiologies of FUO stratified by CD4 count levels in HIV/AIDS patients.
Methods
A cross-sectional retrospective and prospective study was conducted in 195 HIV/AIDS patients with FUO admitted to the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases from January 2016 to June 2019. Clinical parameters, immune status, and etiologies for each patient were recorded. Odds ratios were calculated to compare the distributions of common etiologies in groups with two different CD4 count levels: < 50 cells/mm3 and ≥ 50 cells/mm3.
Results
The proportions of opportunistic infections and noninfectious etiologies were 93.3% and 3.6%, respectively. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection (46.7%), followed by talaromycosis (29.2%) and Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) infection (20.5%). Tuberculosis was predominant in all CD4 level groups. Most patients with talaromycosis had CD4 counts below 50 cells/mm3. In total, 53.8% of the patients were infected by one pathogen. The risks of tuberculosis and talaromycosis in FUO-HIV patients were high when their CD4 counts were below 50 cells/mm3.
Conclusions
Opportunistic infections, especially tuberculosis, are still the leading cause of FUO in HIV/AIDS patients. Tuberculosis and Talaromyces marneffei (TM) infection should be considered in patients with CD4 cell counts < 50 cells/mm3. This study implies that guidelines for appropriate testing to identify the etiology of FUO in HIV/AIDS patient based on the CD4 cell count should be developed, thereby reducing resource waste.
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21
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine–elicited human sera
Alexander Muik, Bonny Gaby Lui, Ann-Kathrin Wallisch, Maren Bacher, Julia Mühl, Jonas Reinholz, Orkun Ozhelvaci, Nina Beckmann, Ramón de la Caridad Güimil Garcia, Asaf Poran, Svetlana Shpyro, Andrew Finlayson, Hui Cai, Qi Yang, Kena A. Swanson, Özlem Türeci,, Uğur Şahin,
Science, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
22
Early non-neutralizing, afucosylated antibody responses are associated with COVID-19 severity
Saborni Chakraborty, Joseph C. Gonzalez,, Benjamin L. Sievers, Vamsee Mallajosyula, Srijoni Chakraborty, Megha Dubey, Usama Ashraf, Bowie Yik-Ling Cheng, Nimish Kathale, Kim Quyen Thi Tran, Courtney Scallan, Aanika Sinnott, Arianna Cassidy, Steven T. Chen,,,Terri Gelbart, Fei Gao, Yarden Golan, Xuhuai Ji, Seunghee Kim-Schulze, Mary Prahl, Stephanie L. Gaw, Sacha Gnjatic,,,, Thomas U. Marron,, Miriam Merad,,,, Prabhu S. Arunachalam, Scott D. Boyd, Mark M. Davis,,, Marisa Holubar, Chaitan Khosla, Holden T. Maecker, Yvonne Maldonado, Elizabeth D. Mellins, Kari C. Nadeau, Bali Pulendran, Upinder Singh,, Aruna Subramanian, Paul J. Utz, Robert Sherwood, Sheng Zhang, Prasanna Jagannathan,, Gene S. Tan,, Taia T. Wang,,
Science, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
23
Protection generated by prior exposure to pathogens depends on both priming and challenge dose
Chava L. Weitzman
Guadalupe Ceja
Ariel E. Leon
Dana M. Hawley
1Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Infection and Immunity, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Infection and Immunity, <a href='https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja'>Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
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24
The innate immune response in the marmoset during the acute pneumonic disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei
Sarah Ngugi
Thomas Laws
Andrew J. Simpson
Michelle Nelson
1CBR division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK
2Former Dstl employee
3Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
4Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Infection and Immunity, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Infection and Immunity, <a href='https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja'>Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
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25
Are NKT cells a useful predictor of COVID-19 severity?
Hui-Fern Koay, Nicholas A. Gherardin, Thi HO. Nguyen, Wuji Zhang, Jennifer R. Habel, Rebecca Seneviratna, Fiona James, Natasha E. Holmes, Olivia C. Smibert, Claire L. Gordon, Jason A. Trubiano, Katherine Kedzierska, Dale I. Godfrey
Immunity, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
26
Blurred Vision and Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Patient With HIV
Christensen BW, Li HC, Huerta S.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
A 57-year-old man with HIV (CD4 cell count, 16/mm3; HIV viral load >10 million copies/mL) had blurred vision, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding. A sample of small bowel showed inflammation of the lamina propria, with numerous cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions with an “owl eye” appearance; dilated retinal examination revealed extensive macular hemorrhage with peripapillary whitening. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?
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27
Incorrect Equivalent Dose and P Values in Figure 3
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
In the Original Investigation titled “Effect of 12 mg vs 6 mg of Dexamethasone on the Number of Days Alive Without Life Support in Adults With COVID-19 and Severe Hypoxemia: The COVID STEROID 2 Randomized Trial,” published in the November 9, 2021, issue of JAMA, there was an incorrect equivalent dose listed and incorrect P values in Figure 3. In the second paragraph of the article, the last sentence should have been “Pharmacodynamic studies suggest dose-dependent activation of the corticosteroid receptor with increasing doses up to 60 mg of prednisone (equivalent to 9 mg of dexamethasone).10” In Figure 3, a coding error was recently detected revealing that the majority of P values were incorrect. In the last column of Figure 3, the P values should have been .32 instead of .57; .76 instead of .83; .31 instead of .53; .36 instead of .44; .13 instead of .59; and .25 instead of .64. This article was corrected online.
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28
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With COVID-19
Spaetgens B, Nagy M, ten Cate H.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Because venous and arterial thromboembolism are common among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, anticoagulant therapies were among the first to be evaluated in clinical trials to improve outcomes in moderately ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19. These studies have yielded thus far somewhat mixed results, varying from beneficial effects of therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin in the ATTACC, ACTIV-4a, and REMAP-CAP trials to no difference between therapeutic and prophylactic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin in the INSPIRATION, ACTION, and RAPID trials. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether the addition of antiplatelet therapy will yield different results.
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29
Effect of Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser vs Sham Treatment on Vaginal Symptom Severity in Postmenopausal Women
Ngenda N.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
To the Editor I have several questions about the study investigating the effect of fractional carbon dioxide laser vs sham treatment on symptom severity in women with postmenopausal vaginal symptoms. First, I would like to know whether this study’s treatment protocol included a 90° probe introital treatment in addition to the straight probe vaginal treatment. In clinical practice, this additional introital therapy substantially enhances the treatment effect of the carbon dioxide laser therapy. Second, in relation to the histological evaluation of the vaginal tissue before and after treatment, do the authors have an explanation for the change in vaginal histology in the sham group to premenopausal status in 3 of the 24 patients? Third, did patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis receive antifungal medication prior to treatment with the fractional carbon dioxide laser? Fourth, were women with vulvodynia excluded from this trial? In clinical practice, patients with untreated vulvovaginal candidiasis and/or vulvodynia typically do not have improvement in their vaginal symptoms with laser therapy unless these underlying conditions are addressed and managed.
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30
Effect of P2Y12 Inhibitors on Survival Free of Organ Support Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
Berger JS, Kornblith LZ, Gong MN, et al.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This randomized clinical trial evaluates the benefits and risks of the addition of a P2Y12 inhibitor to anticoagulant therapy compared with anticoagulant therapy only among non–critically ill patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
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31
Trends in US Ambulatory Care Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mafi JN, Craff M, Vangala S, et al.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This retrospective study compares ambulatory care patterns before and in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among patients insured by public and private insurance programs.
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32
Vaccine Passports Help Boost Lagging Vaccination Rates
Kuehn BM.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Policies requiring people to show proof that they’ve been vaccinated against COVID-19, recovered from the illness, or recently tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 before they can travel internationally or go to nightclubs, gyms, or other public places could increase vaccinations in countries with low uptake, according to a study of these policies in 6 European countries.
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33
COVID-19 Cuts Life Expectancy in Dozens of Countries
Kuehn BM.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have halted a more than decade-long increase in life expectancy, according to global mortality data that showed decreases in 2020 in 31 out of 37 high-income countries.
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34
Global HIV Suppression Rates Fall Short of Targets
Kuehn BM.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
Fewer children and adolescents with HIV infection are close to meeting global viral suppression goals compared with adults, an international research consortium’s study suggested.
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35
A National Strategy for COVID-19 Medical Countermeasures
Borio LL, Bright RA, Emanuel EJ.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This Viewpoint proposes a multistep plan that US can implement to achieve a “new normal” of living, in which the combined risk of all viral respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19, does not exceed the risk during prepandemic years.
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36
A National Strategy for COVID-19—Testing, Surveillance, and Mitigation Strategies
Michaels D, Emanuel EJ, Bright RA.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This Viewpoint discusses the areas on which the US needs to improve its public health infrastructure in order to reduce COVID-19 transmission and achieve a “new normal”: testing, surveillance, masking, and ventilation.
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37
The First 2 Years of COVID-19—Lessons to Improve Preparedness for the Next Pandemic
Nuzzo JB, Gostin LO.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This Viewpoint examines the lessons that the COVID-19 pandemic can provide public health institutions and health care personnel to advance preparedness, detection, and response regarding future pandemics.
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38
Questions Remain About Who Will Get Monoclonal Antibodies for COVID-19 Preexposure Prophylaxis
Rubin R.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This Medical News Quick Uptake looks at how recently authorized monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 preexposure prophylaxis will be allocated.
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39
RSV Vaccines, Finally Within Reach, Could Prevent Tens of Thousands of Yearly Deaths
Abbasi J.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This Medical News article discusses how structure-based vaccinology has advanced long-awaited progress on RSV vaccines.
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40
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children by COVID-19 Vaccination Status of Adolescents in France
Levy M, Recher M, Hubert H, et al.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
This study examines the risk of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among those aged 12 years or older by COVID-19 vaccination status during September 2021 and October 2021 in France.
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41
Immunogenicity of Extended mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dosing Intervals
Grunau B, Goldfarb DM, Asamoah-Boaheng M, et al.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
42
Limits to detecting epistasis in the fitness landscape of HIV
Avik Biswas, Allan Haldane, Ronald M. Levy
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
by Avik Biswas, Allan Haldane, Ronald M. Levy
The rapid evolution of HIV is constrained by interactions between mutations which affect viral fitness. In this work, we explore the role of epistasis in determining the mutational fitness landscape of HIV for multiple drug target proteins, including Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, and Integrase. Epistatic interactions between residues modulate the mutation patterns involved in drug resistance, with unambiguous signatures of epistasis best seen in the comparison of the Potts model predicted and experimental HIV sequence “prevalences” expressed as higher-order marginals (beyond triplets) of the sequence probability distribution. In contrast, experimental measures of fitness such as viral replicative capacities generally probe fitness effects of point mutations in a single background, providing weak evidence for epistasis in viral systems. The detectable effects of epistasis are obscured by higher evolutionary conservation at sites. While double mutant cycles in principle, provide one of the best ways to probe epistatic interactions experimentally without reference to a particular background, we show that the analysis is complicated by the small dynamic range of measurements. Overall, we show that global pairwise interaction Potts models are necessary for predicting the mutational landscape of viral proteins.
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43
Evolution of the quality of prenatal care in the primary network of Brazil from 2012 to 2018: What can (and should) improve?
Elaine Tomasi, Thales Moura de Assis, Paulo Guilherme Muller, Denise Silva da Silveira, Rosália Garcia Neves, Everton Fantinel, Elaine Thumé, Luiz Augusto Facchini
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2022
Tilføjet 18.01.2022
by Elaine Tomasi, Thales Moura de Assis, Paulo Guilherme Muller, Denise Silva da Silveira, Rosália Garcia Neves, Everton Fantinel, Elaine Thumé, Luiz Augusto Facchini
The article describes the temporal evolution of prenatal quality indicators in the primary health care network in Brazil and investigates regional differences. This study used data from the external evaluation of Brazil’s National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ) with health teams participating in Cycles I, II and III of the Program, carried out respectively in 2012, 2013/14 and 2017/18. The number of visits, physical examination procedures, guidelines and request for laboratory tests were investigated. There was a positive evolution for tests—HIV, syphilis, blood glucose and ultrasound, and for all tests, guidance on feeding and weight gain of the baby and examination of the oral cavity. The indicators that performed the worst were: performance of tetanus vaccine, six or more visits, receiving guidance on exclusive breastfeeding and care for the newborn, and the procedures—all, measurement of uterine height, gynecological exam and cervix cancer prevention. These changes had a varied behavior between the regions of the country.
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