Retningslinjer for screening og profylakse før behandling med biologiske lægemidler (2023)
Omhandler biologiske og målrettede syntetiske lægemidler (BMSL) til patienter i forhold til risiko for tuberkulose (TB), Humant Papillom Virus (HPV), Hepatitis B og C (HBV og HCV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) og Humant Immundefekt Virus (HIV) og øvrige infektioner.
Vejledningen er udarbejdet af repræsentanter fra Dansk Selskab for Gastroenterologi og Hepatologi (DSGH), Dansk Reumatologisk Selskab (DRS), Dansk Dermatologisk Selskab (DDS) og Dansk Selskab for Infektionsmedicin (DSI).
961 KB, uploadet 9.01.2024
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Antiretroviral behandling af HIV-smittede personer (2024)
Udarbejdet af DSI's arbejdsgruppe vedrørende antiretroviral terapi
115 KB, uploadet 9.01.2024
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Tuberkuloseinfektion hos immunsupprimerede (2023)
Denne vejledning omhandler vurdering og behandling af tuberkuloseinfektion hos voksne, som skal behandles med immunsupprimerende medicin i form af f.eks TNF-α hæmmere eller andre immunsupprimerende biologiske lægemidler, hvor der er øget risiko for tuberkulosereaktivering.
Guideline dækker ikke børn, personer med medfødt immundefekt, HIV positive, patienter i dialyse, patienter med dysreguleret diabetes, silicose, erhvervede immundefekter eller patienter i konventionel kortvarig kemoterapi.
Denne guideline omhandler ikke klassisk smitteopsporing blandt tuberkuloseeksponerede eller udredning på mistanke om aktiv tuberkulose.
472 KB, uploadet 26.02.2023
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Stikuheld og anden blodeksposition (2020)
Revideret september 2020. Arbejdsgruppen bestod af Suzanne Lunding (formand), Peer Brehm Christensen, Christian Erikstrup, Terese L. Katzenstein, Henrik Krarup, Alex Lund Laursen, Birgitte Mørn og Nina Weis
158 KB, uploadet 5.02.2023
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HIV-behandling af gravide (2021)
Arbejdsgruppen bestod af: Jan Gerstoft, Ann-Brit Eg Hansen, Gitte Kronborg, Jens D. Lundgren, Henrik I. Nielsen, Olav Ditlevsen Larsen, Niels Obel og Alex Laursen
57 KB, uploadet 9.11.2021
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Pre-exposure profylakse mod HIV (2021)
Fællesregional retningslinje for udlevering af forebyggende medicin mod HIV (PrEP), udgivet af Danske Regioner.
214 KB, uploadet 12.09.2021
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HIV post exposure profylakse (PEP) 2020
Version: 3. Endelig guideline: 01.09.2020. Guideline skal revideres senest: 01.09.2023
Arbejdsgruppens medlemmer: Peer Brehm Christensen, Christian Erikstrup, Jan Gerstoft, Terese Katzenstein, Alex Laursen, Suzanne Lunding, Birgitte Mørn og Nina Weis.
184 KB, uploadet 13.05.2021
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Fertilitetsbehandling ved HIV og hepatitis B og C (2018)
Forfattere: Jan Gerstoft, Nina Weis, Terese L. Katzenstein (Dansk Selskab for Infektionsmedicin), Anders Nyboe Andersen og Jens Fedder (Dansk Fertilitetsselskab).
Human Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity and Its Influence on Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity: A Specific Concern for HIV-Exposed-Uninfected Infants
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 29.03.2024
Tilføjet 29.03.2024
Abstract Oral rotavirus vaccines demonstrate diminished immunogenicity in low-income settings where human cytomegalovirus infection is aquired early in childhood and modulates immunity. We hypothesized that human cytomegalovirus infection around the time of vaccination may influence immunogenicity. We measured plasma human cytomegalovirus specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in rotavirus vaccinated infants from 6 weeks to 12 months old and compared rotavirus immunoglobulin A antibody titres between human cytomegalovirus seropositive and seronegative infants. There was no evidence of an association between human cytomegalovirus serostatus at 9 months and rotavirus specific antibody titres at 12 months (geometric mean ratio 1.01, 95%CI: 0.70,1.45; p=0.976) or fold-increase in RV-IgA titre between 9 and 12 months (risk ratio 0.999, 95%CI: 0.66,1.52; p=0.995) overall. However, HIV-exposed-uninfected infants who were seropositive for human cytomegalovirus at 9 months old had a 63% reduction in rotavirus antibody geometric mean titres at 12 months compared to HIV-exposed-uninfected infants who were seronegative for human cytomegalovirus (geometric mean ratio 0.37, 95%CI: 0.17, 0.77; p=0.008). While the broader implications of human cytomegalovirus infections on oral rotavirus vaccine response might be limited in the general infant population, the potential impact in the HIV-exposed-uninfected infants cannot be overlooked. This study highlights the complexity of immunological responses and the need for targeted interventions to ensure oral rotavirus vaccine efficacy, especially in vulnerable subpopulations.
Systematic review study protocol of literature from 2018 to end of 2022 of stated preference studies about HIV care and prevention services around the world
Block Ngaybe, M. G., Ravi, P., Rosales, A., Camarena, J. L., Madhivanan, P.
BMJ Open, 29.03.2024
Tilføjet 29.03.2024
BackgroundThere are currently over 38 million individuals around the globe living with the HIV and AIDS. As many HIV prevention and care services emerging for public use services become available to a wider audience, there is a growing need for more information about willingness to engage in these care and services. Stated preference research methods have been shown to be useful methods to help predict factors that influence health behaviours in the future. Research questionThis is a systematic review of findings from stated preference studies regarding the choices of people living with HIV or people at risk of contracting HIV to engage in HIV prevention or care. MethodsOur team plans to compile stated preference studies studying the choice to engage in HIV prevention or care services. Studies will be included from 1 January 2018 until 28 October 2022. There will be no restrictions on the language or location of the study. We will search databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Tufts CEA registry and CINAHL. Two researchers will review each article’s title, abstract, then full-text and finally extract relevant data based on a predetermined process. Data will be presented in a narrative review and in an exploratory meta-analysis by subgroups of studies. Ethics and dissemination of researchThere is no need for an ethical review process of this study since all data used is available publicly. The findings of this study will be reported in relevant conferences and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023397785.
Developing a reporting item checklist for studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence or incidence: a mixed methods study
Garcia, C., Holbrook, A., Djiadeu, P., Alvarez, E., Matos Silva, J., Mbuagbaw, L.
BMJ Open, 29.03.2024
Tilføjet 29.03.2024
BackgroundAdequate surveillance of HIV drug resistance prevalence is challenged by heterogenous and inadequate data reporting. To address this issue, we recently published reporting guidance documentation for studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence and incidence. ObjectivesIn this study, we describe the methods used to develop this reporting guidance. DesignWe used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design involving authors and users of studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence. In the quantitative phase, we conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey (n=51). Survey participants rated various reporting items on whether they are essential to report. Validity ratios were computed to determine the items to discuss in the qualitative phase. In the qualitative phase, two focus group discussions (n=9 in total) discussed this draft item checklist, providing a justification and examples for each item. We conducted a descriptive qualitative analysis of the group discussions to identify emergent themes regarding the qualities of an essential reporting item. ResultsWe identified 38 potential reporting items that better characterise the study participants, improve the interpretability of study results and clarify the methods used for HIV resistance testing. These items were synthesised to create the reporting item checklist. Qualitative insights formed the basis of the explanation, elaboration, and rationale components of the guidance document. ConclusionsWe generated a list of reporting items for studies on the incidence or prevalence of HIV drug resistance along with an explanation of why researchers believe these items are important. Mixed methods allowed for the simultaneous generation and integration of the item list and qualitative insights. The integrated findings were then further developed to become the subsequently published reporting guidance.
Predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure to the first line therapy: a cross-sectional study among Iranian HIV-positive adults
BMC Infectious Diseases, 29.03.2024
Tilføjet 29.03.2024
Abstract Background HIV virological failure is one of the main problems in HIV-infected patients, and identifying the main predictors of such treatment failure may help in combating HIV/AIDS. Methodology This cross-sectional study included 1800 HIV-infected patients with either virological failure or treatment response. HIV viral load, CD4 count, and other tests were performed. Statistical analysis was used to determine the predictors of virological failure. Results Clinical stage, treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), under therapy for three years or more, suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART), age > 40 years, CD4 count
Factors associated with hepatitis A susceptibility among men who have sex with men using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Northeastern Brazil: A cross-sectional study
Hareton Teixeira Vechi, Mônica Baumgardt Bay, Cláudio Henrique Silva de Freitas, Júlia Gomes Fernandes Costa de Sant’anna, Carlos Brites, Kenio Costa de Lima
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Hareton Teixeira Vechi, Mônica Baumgardt Bay, Cláudio Henrique Silva de Freitas, Júlia Gomes Fernandes Costa de Sant’anna, Carlos Brites, Kenio Costa de Lima Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has disproportionately affected more men who have sex with men (MSM), occurring in outbreaks, despite being vaccine-preventable. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with HAV susceptibility among cisgender MSM on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Northeastern Brazil. From September 30, 2021 to June 19, 2023, 282 cisgender MSM receiving HIV PrEP were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected. Blood samples were collected for screening of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and serum samples were tested for IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies. Non-reactive results for total anti-HAV antibodies were found in 106 of 282 (37.6%) participants. Factors associated with HAV susceptibility included age
Lower Insulin Sensitivity Through 36 Months of Life With in Utero HIV and Antiretroviral Exposure in Botswana: Results From the Tshilo Dikotla Study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
Abstract Background There are little data on changes in insulin sensitivity during the first few years of life following in utero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) exposure.Methods The Tshilo Dikotla study enrolled pregnant persons with HIV (PWH) (receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine or lamivudine plus dolutegravir or efavirenz) and pregnant individuals without HIV, as well as their liveborn children. Newborns were randomized to receive either zidovudine (AZT) or nevirapine (NVP) postnatal prophylaxis. Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was assessed at birth and 1, 18, 24, and 36 months of life. We fit linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the association between in utero HIV/ARV exposure and average HOMA-IR from birth through 36 months of life, adjusting for confounders.Results A total of 419 children were included (287 with in utero HIV/ARV exposure and uninfected [CHEU] and 132 without in utero HIV/ARV exposure [CHUU]). CHEU were born to older women (29.6 vs 25.3 years of age) with higher gravidity (3 vs 1). HOMA-IR was persistently higher in CHEU versus CHUU in adjusted analyses (mean difference of 0.07 in log10 HOMA-IR, P = .02) from birth through 36 months of life. Among CHEU, no differences in HOMA-IR were observed from birth through 36 months by in utero ARV exposure status or between AZT and NVP infant prophylaxis arms.Conclusions In utero HIV/ARV exposure was associated with lower insulin sensitivity throughout the first 36 months of life, indicating persistent early life metabolic disturbances which may raise concern for poorer metabolic health later in life.
Effective and targeted latency reversal in CD4+ T cells from individuals on long term combined antiretroviral therapy initiated during chronic HIV-1 infection
Minh Ha NgoJoshua PankracRyan C. Y. HoEmmanuel NdashimyeRahul PawaRenata CeccacciTsigereda BiruAbayomi S. OlabodeKatja KleinYue LiColin KovacsRobert AssadJeffrey M. JacobsonDavid H. CanadayStephen TomusangeSamiri JamiruAggrey AnokTaddeo KityamuweesiPaul BuuleRonald M. GaliwangoSteven J. ReynoldsThomas C. QuinnAndrew D. ReddJessica L. ProdgerJamie F. S. MannEric J. Artsa Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canadab College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnamc Special Immunology Unit and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USAd Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKe Maple Leaf Medical Clinic and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canadaf Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Ugandag Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USAh Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Switching to deltoid intramuscular injections maintains therapeutic trough concentrations of rilpivirine and cabotegravir in people with HIV
Maria Vittoria CossuAntonio D'AvolioCristina GervasoniAndrea GiacomelliDario CattaneoDavide Moschese1Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy2Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, James E. Leggett
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Ahead of Print.
Reply to Cossu et al., “Switching to deltoid intramuscular injections maintains therapeutic trough concentrations of rilpivirine and cabotegravir in people with HIV”
Kelong Han1Clinical Pharmacology Modeling & Simulation, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA, James E. Leggett
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Ahead of Print.
Expression of Concern: Evidence that Vpu Modulates HIV-1 Gag-Envelope Interaction towards Envelope Incorporation and Infectivity in a Cell Type Dependent Manner
Tuberculosis disease is associated with elevated plasma ribonuclease activity in antiretroviral treatment-naïve people with HIV
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.03.2024
Tilføjet 26.03.2024
Abstract Background The role of ribonucleases in tuberculosis (TB) among people with HIV (PWH) is unknown. We explored ribonuclease activity in plasma from PWH with and without TB.Methods Participants were identified from a cohort of treatment-naïve PWH in Ethiopia who had been classified for TB disease (HIV+/TB + or HIV+/TB-). Ribonuclease activity in plasma was investigated by quantification of synthetic spike-in RNAs using sequencing and qPCR, and by a specific ribonuclease activity assay. Quantification of ribonuclease 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and T2 proteins was performed by ELISA. Ribonuclease activity and protein concentrations were correlated with markers of TB and HIV disease severity and with concentrations of inflammatory mediators.Results Ribonuclease activity was significantly higher in plasma of HIV+/TB + (n = 51) compared to HIV+/TB- (n = 78), causing reduced stability of synthetic spike-in RNAs. concentrations of ribonucleases 2, 3 and T2 were also significantly increased in HIV+/TB + compared to HIV+/TB-. Ribonuclease activity was correlated with HIV viral load, and inversely correlated with CD4 count, mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index. Moreover, ribonuclease activity correlated with concentrations of interleukin-27, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and procalcitonin.Conclusion PWH with TB disease have elevated plasma ribonuclease activity, which is also associated with HIV severity and systemic inflammation.
Exploring the syndemic interaction between social, environmental and structural contexts of HIV infection in peri-mining areas in South Africa: a qualitative study
Chimoyi, L., Ndini, P., Oladimeji, M., Seatlholo, N., Mawokomatanda, K., Charalambous, S., Setswe, G.
BMJ Open, 24.03.2024
Tilføjet 24.03.2024
ObjectiveTo explore the syndemic interaction between social, environmental, and structural contexts and HIV infection in peri-mining areas in South Africa. DesignMixed qualitative methods consisting of in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) exploring the interaction between HIV infection and the social, environmental and structural factors affecting people living in the peri-mining areas of South Africa. Themes were analysed following the syndemic theoretical framework. SettingParticipants were recruited from three mining companies and locations in the peri-mining communities surrounding the mining companies in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Northern Cape provinces. ParticipantsInclusion criteria included mineworkers, healthcare workers, female sex workers (FSWs), injection drug users (IDUs), and other community members, ≥18 years, living in the peri-mining area at the time of participation. Three FGDs were conducted (n=30): 13 men and 17 women aged 18–55 years. IDIs were conducted with 45 participants: mineworkers (n=10), healthcare workers (n=11), FSWs (n=15), truck drivers (n=4) and IDUs (n=5). ResultsThe findings from this study indicate that a syndemic of four socio-behavioural factors is associated with HIV acquisition in peri-mining areas. These are migrancy, accessibility to alcohol and substance use, commercial and transactional sex, and uptake of HIV prevention services. ConclusionsOur findings have implications for HIV prevention programmes in mining companies, which rely on male condom usage promotion. More emphasis on better education about HIV prevalence, transmission and up-to-date prevention alternatives, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis for mineworkers is recommended. Furthermore, collaboration with community-based organisations is recommended to wholly address the syndemic factors influencing HIV transmission in peri-mining communities.
HIV and hepatitis B, C co-infection and correlates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Rwanda, 2021: a respondent-driven sampling, cross-sectional study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 24.03.2024
Tilføjet 24.03.2024
Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a key population group disproportionately affected by HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. In Rwanda, the HIV epidemic remains a significant public health concern, and understanding the burden of HIV and hepatitis B and C coinfections among MSM is crucial for designing effective prevention and control strategies. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections among MSM in Rwanda and identify correlates associated with HIV infection within this population. Methods We used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to recruit participants between November and December 2021. A face-to-face, structured questionnaire was administered. Testing for HIV infection followed the national algorithm using two rapid tests: Alere Combo and STAT PAK as the first and second screening tests, respectively. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV tests were performed. All statistics were adjusted for RDS design, and a multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with HIV infection. Results The prevalence of HIV among MSM was 6·9% (95% CI: 5·5–8·6), and among HIV-positive MSM, 12·9% (95% CI: 5·5–27·3) were recently infected. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C was 4·2% (95% CI: 3·0–5·7) and 0·7% (95% CI: 0·4–1·2), respectively. HIV and hepatitis B virus coinfection was 0·5% (95% CI: 0·2–1·1), whereas HIV and hepatitis C coinfection was 0·1% (95% CI: 0·0–0·5), and no coinfection for all three viruses was observed. MSM groups with an increased risk of HIV infection included those who ever suffered violence or abuse because of having sex with other men (AOR: 3·42; 95% CI: 1·87–6·25), those who refused to answer the question asking about ‘ever been paid money, goods, or services for sex’ (AOR: 10·4; 95% CI: 3·30–32·84), and those not consistently using condoms (AOR: 3·15; 95% CI: 1·31–7·60). Conclusion The findings suggest more targeted prevention and treatment approaches and underscore the importance of addressing structural and behavioral factors contributing to HIV vulnerability, setting interventions to reduce violence and abuse against MSM, promoting safe and consensual sexual practices, and expanding access to HIV prevention tools such as condoms and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Impact of antiretroviral therapy during acute or early HIV infection on virologic and immunologic outcomes: results from a multinational clinical trial
Crowell, Trevor A.; Ritz, Justin; Zheng, Lu; Naqvi, Asma; Cyktor, Joshua C.; Puleo, Joseph; Clagett, Brian; Lama, Javier R.; Kanyama, Cecilia; Little, Susan J.; Cohn, Susan E.; Riddler, Sharon A.; Collier, Ann C.; Heath, Sonya L.; Tantivitayakul, Pornphen; Grinsztejn, Beatriz; Arduino, Roberto C.; Rooney, James F.; van Zyl, Gert U.; Coombs, Robert W.; Fox, Lawrence; Ananworanich, Jintanat; Eron, Joseph J.; Sieg, Scott F.; Mellors, John W.; Daar, Eric S.; for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5354/EARLIER Study Team
Longitudinal analysis of CSF HIV RNA in untreated people with HIV: Identification of CSF controllers
Mattia Trunfio, Bin Tang, Oluwakemi Okwuegbuna, Jennifer E. Iudicello, Ajay Bharti, David J. Moore, Benjamin B. Gelman, Susan Morgello, Payal B. Patel, Leah H. Rubin, Beau M. Ances, Sara Gianella, Robert K. Heaton, Ronald J. Ellis, Scott L. Letendre
Journal of Medical Virology, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Journal of Medical Virology, Volume 96, Issue 3, March 2024.
Clusters of cases of pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma in New York and California in men who had sex with men were early harbingers of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The syndrome was also soon noted to be associated with a high incidence of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. As the AIDS definition crystallized, Kaposi’s sarcoma, aggressive B-cell lymphomas, and invasive cervical cancer were considered to be AIDS-defining cancers when they developed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Additional cancers are now known to be associated with HIV (Table 1). The term HIV-associated cancer is used here to describe this larger group of cancers (both AIDS-defining and non–AIDS-defining cancers) that have an increased incidence among patients with HIV infection. In addition, incidental cancers also may develop in patients with HIV infection.
Benefits and Risks of Antiretroviral Therapy for Perinatal HIV Prevention.
N Engl J Med 2016; 375(18):1726-1737
Fowler MG, Qin M, Fiscus SA, Currier JS, Flynn PM, Chipato T, McIntyre J, Gnanashanmugam D, Siberry GK, Coletti AS, Taha TE, Klingman KL, Martinson FE, Owor M, Violari A, Moodley D, Theron GB, Bhosale R, Bobat R, Chi BH, Strehlau R, Mlay P, Loftis AJ, Browning R, Fenton T, Purdue L, Basar M, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM
Randomized-trial data on the risks and benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine to prevent transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in HIV-infected pregnant women with high CD4 counts are lacking.
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection.
N Engl J Med 2015; 373(9):795-807
Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD
Data from randomized trials are lacking on the benefits and risks of initiating antiretroviral therapy in patients with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who have a CD4+ count of more than 350 cells per cubic millimeter.
Inhibition of HIV-1 disease progression by contemporaneous HIV-2 infection.
N Engl J Med 2012; 367(3):224-32
Esbjörnsson J, Månsson F, Kvist A, Isberg PE, Nowroozalizadeh S, Biague AJ, da Silva ZJ, Jansson M, Fenyö EM, Norrgren H, Medstrand P
Progressive immune dysfunction and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop in most persons with untreated infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but in only approximately 20 to 30% of persons infected with HIV type 2 (HIV-2); among persons infected with both types, the natural history of disease progression is poorly understood.
Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women.
N Engl J Med 2012; 367(5):399-410
Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, Tappero JW, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Katabira E, Ronald A, Tumwesigye E, Were E, Fife KH, Kiarie J, Farquhar C, John-Stewart G, Kakia A, Odoyo J, Mucunguzi A, Nakku-Joloba E, Twesigye R, Ngure K, Apaka C, Tamooh H, Gabona F, Mujugira A, Panteleeff D, Thomas KK, Kidoguchi L, Krows M, Revall J, Morrison S, Haugen H, Emmanuel-Ogier M, Ondrejcek L, Coombs RW, Frenkel L, Hendrix C, Bumpus NN, Bangsberg D, Haberer JE, Stevens WS, Lingappa JR, Celum C
Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis is a promising approach for preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heterosexual populations.
Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival.
N Engl J Med 2009; 360(18):1815-26
Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, Merriman B, Saag MS, Justice AC, Hogg RS, Deeks SG, Eron JJ, Brooks JT, Rourke SB, Gill MJ, Bosch RJ, Martin JN, Klein MB, Jacobson LP, Rodriguez B, Sterling TR, Kirk GD, Napravnik S, Rachlis AR, Calzavara LM, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ, Gebo KA, Goedert JJ, Benson CA, Collier AC, Van Rompaey SE, Crane HM, McKaig RG, Lau B, Freeman AM, Moore RD
The optimal time for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is uncertain.
An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic.
Nature 1998; 391(6667):594-7
Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD
There is considerable genetic diversity among viruses of different subtypes (designated A to J) in the major group of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the form of HIV that is dominant in the global epidemic. If available, HIV-1 sequences pre-dating the recognition of AIDS could be crucial in defining the time of origin and the subsequent evolution of these viruses in humans. The oldest known case of HIV-1 infection was reported to be that of a sailor from Manchester who died of an AIDS-like illness in 1959; however, the authenticity of this case has not been confirmed. Genetic analysis of sequences from clinical materials obtained from 1971 to 1976 from members of a Norwegian family infected earlier than 1971 showed that they carried viruses of the HIV-1 outlier group, a variant form that is mainly restricted to West Africa. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a 1959 African plasma sample that was previously found to be HIV-1 seropositive. Multiple phylogenetic analyses not only authenticate this case as the oldest known HIV-1 infection, but also place its viral sequence near the ancestral node of subtypes B and D in the major group, indicating that these HIV-1 subtypes, and perhaps all major-group viruses, may have evolved from a single introduction into the African population not long before 1959.
A retrovirus belonging to the family of recently discovered human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV), but clearly distinct from each previous isolate, has been isolated from a Caucasian patient with signs and symptoms that often precede the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This virus is a typical type-C RNA tumor virus, buds from the cell membrane, prefers magnesium for reverse transcriptase activity, and has an internal antigen (p25) similar to HTLV p24. Antibodies from serum of this patient react with proteins from viruses of the HTLV-I subgroup, but type-specific antisera to HTLV-I do not precipitate proteins of the new isolate. The virus from this patient has been transmitted into cord blood lymphocytes, and the virus produced by these cells is similar to the original isolate. From these studies it is concluded that this virus as well as the previous HTLV isolates belong to a general family of T-lymphotropic retroviruses that are horizontally transmitted in humans and may be involved in several pathological syndromes, including AIDS.