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1
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 BA.1/BA.2 lineages among adults and adolescents in a multicentre primary care study, Europe, December 2021 to June 2022
Charlotte Lanièce Delaunay, Iván Martínez-Baz, Noémie Sève, Lisa Domegan, Clara Mazagatos, Silke Buda, Adam Meijer, Irina Kislaya, Catalina Pascu, AnnaSara Carnahan, Beatrix Oroszi, Maja Ilić, Marine Maurel, Aryse Melo, Virginia Sandonis Martín, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Vincent Enouf, Adele McKenna, Gloria Pérez-Gimeno, Luise Goerlitz, Marit de Lange, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Mihaela Lazar, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Gergő Túri, Jesús Castilla, Alessandra Falchi, Charlene Bennett, Virtudes Gallardo, Ralf Dürrwald, Dirk Eggink, Raquel Guiomar, Rodica Popescu, Maximilian Riess, Judit Krisztina Horváth, Itziar Casado, Mª del Carmen García, Mariëtte Hooiveld, Ausenda Machado, Sabrina Bacci, Marlena Kaczmarek, Esther Kissling and on behalf of the European Primary Care Vaccine Effectiveness Group
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 29.03.2024
Tilføjet 29.03.2024
BackgroundScarce European data in early 2021 suggested lower vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages than previous variants. AimWe aimed to estimate primary series (PS) and first booster VE against symptomatic BA.1/BA.2 infection and investigate potential biases. MethodsThis European test-negative multicentre study tested primary care patients with acute respiratory symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 in the BA.1/BA.2-dominant period. We estimated PS and booster VE among adults and adolescents (PS only) for all products combined and for Comirnaty alone, by time since vaccination, age and chronic condition. We investigated potential bias due to correlation between COVID-19 and influenza vaccination and explored effect modification and confounding by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. ResultsAmong adults, PS VE was 37% (95% CI: 24–47%) overall and 60% (95% CI: 44–72%), 43% (95% CI: 26–55%) and 29% (95% CI: 13–43%)
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Effectiveness of Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and JN.1 variants, prospective cohort study, the Netherlands, October 2023 to January 2024
Anne J Huiberts, Christina E Hoeve, Brechje de Gier, Jeroen Cremer, Bas van der Veer, Hester E de Melker, Janneke HHM van de Wijgert, Susan van den Hof, Dirk Eggink and Mirjam J Knol
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 8.03.2024
Tilføjet 8.03.2024
We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccination against self-reported infection between 9 October 2023 and 9 January 2024 in 23,895 XBB.1.5 vaccine-eligible adults who had previously received at least one booster. VE was 41% (95% CI: 23–55) in 18–59-year-olds and 50% (95% CI: 44–56) in 60–85-year-olds. Sequencing data suggest lower protection against the BA.2.86 (including JN.1) variant from recent prior infection (OR = 2.8; 95% CI:1.2–6.5) and, not statistically significant, from XBB.1.5 vaccination (OR = 1.5; 95% CI:0.8–2.6).
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Application of the screening method for estimating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness using routine surveillance data: Germany’s experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, July 2021 to March 2023
Nita Perumal, Viktoria Schönfeld and Ole Wichmann
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 23.02.2024
Tilføjet 23.02.2024
The screening method represents a simple, quick, and practical tool for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) using routine disease surveillance and vaccine coverage data, even if these data cannot be linked. In Germany, where notification data, laboratory testing data, and vaccine coverage data cannot be linked due to strict data protection requirements, the screening method was used to assess COVID-19 VE continuously between July 2021 and March 2023. During this period, when Delta and Omicron variants circulated, VE estimates were produced in real-time for different age groups and clinical outcomes. Here we describe the country’s overall positive experience using the screening method, including its strengths and limitations, and provide practical guidance regarding a few issues, such as case definition stringency, testing behaviour, and data stratification, that require careful consideration during data analysis and the interpretation of the results.
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2023/24 mid-season influenza and Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness estimates from the Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN)
Danuta M Skowronski, Yuping Zhan, Samantha E Kaweski, Suzana Sabaiduc, Ayisha Khalid, Romy Olsha, Sara Carazo, James A Dickinson, Richard G Mather, Hugues Charest, Agatha N Jassem, Inès Levade, Maan Hasso, Nathan Zelyas, Ruimin Gao and Nathalie Bastien
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.02.2024
Tilføjet 16.02.2024
The Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network reports mid-season 2023/24 influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 63% (95% CI: 51–72) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, lower for clade 5a.2a.1 (56%; 95% CI: 33–71) than clade 5a.2a (67%; 95% CI: 48–80), and lowest against influenza A(H3N2) (40%; 95% CI: 5–61). The Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine protected comparably well, with VE of 47% (95% CI: 21–65) against medically attended COVID-19, higher among people reporting a prior confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at 67% (95% CI: 28–85).
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Early Estimates of Updated 2023-2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Attributable to Co-Circulating Omicron Variants Among Immunocompetent Adults - Increasing Community Access to Testing Program, United States, September 2023-January 2024
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 2.02.2024
Tilføjet 2.02.2024
This report describes vaccine effectiveness for the updated COVID-19 vaccine in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Effectiveness of the adapted bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalisation in individuals aged ≥ 60 years during the Omicron XBB lineage-predominant period: VEBIS SARI VE network, Europe, February to August, 2023
Liliana Antunes, Clara Mazagatos, Iván Martínez-Baz, Verónica Gomez, Maria-Louise Borg, Goranka Petrović, Róisín Duffy, François E Dufrasne, Ralf Dürrwald, Mihaela Lazar, Ligita Jancoriene, Beatrix Oroszi, Petr Husa, Jennifer Howard, Aryse Melo, Francisco Pozo, Gloria Pérez-Gimeno, Jesús Castilla, Ausenda Machado, Aušra Džiugytė, Svjetlana Karabuva, Margaret Fitzgerald, Sébastien Fierens, Kristin Tolksdorf, Silvia-Odette Popovici, Auksė Mickienė, Gergő Túri, Lenka Součková, Nathalie Nicolay, Angela MC Rose and on behalf of the European Hospital Vaccine Effectiveness Group
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 19.01.2024
Tilføjet 19.01.2024
We conducted a multicentre hospital-based test-negative case–control study to measure the effectiveness of adapted bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron XBB lineage-predominant period in patients aged ≥ 60 years with severe acute respiratory infection from five countries in Europe. Bivalent vaccines provided short-term additional protection compared with those vaccinated > 6 months before the campaign: from 80% (95% CI: 50 to 94) for 14–89 days post-vaccination, 15% (95% CI: −12 to 35) at 90–179 days, and lower to no effect thereafter.
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Relative vaccine effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 boosters in people aged at least 75 years during the spring-summer (monovalent vaccine) and autumn-winter (bivalent vaccine) booster campaigns: a prospective test negative case–control study, United Kingdom, 2022
Anastasia Chatzilena, Catherine Hyams, Rob Challen, Robin Marlow, Jade King, David Adegbite, Jane Kinney, Madeleine Clout, Nick Maskell, Jennifer Oliver, Adam Finn, Leon Danon and on behalf of The Avon CAP Research Group
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 1.12.2023
Tilføjet 1.12.2023
BackgroundUnderstanding the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of new COVID-19 vaccine formulations against SARS-CoV-2 infection is a public health priority. A precise analysis of the rVE of monovalent and bivalent boosters given during the 2022 spring-summer and autumn-winter campaigns, respectively, in a defined population remains of interest. AimWe assessed rVE against hospitalisation for the spring-summer (fourth vs third monovalent mRNA vaccine doses) and autumn-winter (fifth BA.1/ancestral bivalent vs fourth monovalent mRNA vaccine dose) boosters. MethodsWe performed a prospective single-centre test-negative design case–control study in ≥ 75-year-old people hospitalised with COVID-19 or other acute respiratory disease. We conducted regression analyses controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, patient comorbidities, community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, vaccine brand and time between baseline dose and hospitalisation. ResultsWe included 682 controls and 182 cases in the spring-summer booster analysis and 572 controls and 152 cases in the autumn-winter booster analysis. A monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine as fourth dose showed 46.6% rVE (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.9–67.1) vs those not fully boosted. A bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine as fifth dose had 46.7% rVE (95% CI: 18.0–65.1), compared with a fourth monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. ConclusionsBoth fourth monovalent and fifth BA.1/ancestral mRNA bivalent COVID-19 vaccine doses demonstrated benefit as a booster in older adults. Bivalent mRNA boosters offered similar protection against hospitalisation with Omicron infection to monovalent mRNA boosters given earlier in the year. These findings support immunisation programmes in several European countries that advised the use of BA.1/ancestral bivalent booster doses.
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Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation in adults (≥ 20 years) during Omicron-dominant circulation: I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS SARI VE networks, Europe, 2021 to 2022
Angela MC Rose, Nathalie Nicolay, Virginia Sandonis Martín, Clara Mazagatos, Goranka Petrović, Joaquin Baruch, Sarah Denayer, Lucie Seyler, Lisa Domegan, Odile Launay, Ausenda Machado, Cristina Burgui, Roberta Vaikutyte, F Annabel Niessen, Isabela I Loghin, Petr Husa, Nassera Aouali, George Panagiotakopoulos, Kristin Tolksdorf, Judit Krisztina Horváth, Jennifer Howard, Francisco Pozo, Virtudes Gallardo, Diana Nonković, Aušra Džiugytė, Nathalie Bossuyt, Thomas Demuyser, Róisín Duffy, Liem binh Luong Nguyen, Irina Kislaya, Iván Martínez-Baz, Giedre Gefenaite, Mirjam J Knol, Corneliu Popescu, Lenka Součková, Marc Simon, Stella Michelaki, Janine Reiche, Annamária Ferenczi, Concepción Delgado-Sanz, Zvjezdana Lovrić Makarić, John Paul Cauchi, Cyril Barbezange, Els Van Nedervelde, Joan O’Donnell, Christine Durier, Raquel Guiomar, Jesús Castilla, Indrė Jonikaite, Patricia CJL Bruijning-Verhagen, Mihaela Lazar, Regina Demlová, Gil Wirtz, Marina Amerali, Ralf Dürrwald, Mihály Pál Kunstár, Esther Kissling, Sabrina Bacci, Marta Valenciano, I-MOVE-COVID-19 hospital study team and VEBIS hospital study team
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 24.11.2023
Tilføjet 24.11.2023
IntroductionThe I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS hospital networks have been measuring COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in participating European countries since early 2021. AimWe aimed to measure VE against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in patients ≥ 20 years hospitalised with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from December 2021 to July 2022 (Omicron-dominant period). MethodsIn both networks, 46 hospitals (13 countries) follow a similar test-negative case–control protocol. We defined complete primary series vaccination (PSV) and first booster dose vaccination as last dose of either vaccine received ≥ 14 days before symptom onset (stratifying first booster into received
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Effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 boosters against COVID-19 mortality in people aged 65 years and older, Australia, November 2022 to May 2023
Bette Liu, Sandrine Stepien, Ketaki Sharma and Kristine Macartney
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 24.11.2023
Tilføjet 24.11.2023
We followed 4,081,257 Australian adults aged ≥ 65 years between November 2022 and May 2023 for COVID-19-specific mortality, when recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages (predominantly XB and XBB) as well as BA.2.75 were circulating. Compared with a COVID-19 booster targeting ancestral SARS-CoV-2 given > 180 days earlier, the relative vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 death of a bivalent (ancestral/BA.1 or ancestral/BA.4-5) booster given 8 to 90 days earlier was 66.0% (95%CI: 57.6 to 72.2%) and that of a monovalent ancestral booster given 8 to 90 days earlier was 44.7% (95%CI: 23.9 to 59.7%).
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Early detection of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 lineage through integrated genomic surveillance of wastewater and COVID-19 cases in Sweden, weeks 31 to 38 2023
Carmen Espinosa-Gongora, Carlo Berg, Moa Rehn, Javier Edo Varg, Lena Dillner, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Anna J Székely, Emmi Andersson and Elin Movert
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
The SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 Omicron subvariant was first detected in wastewater in Sweden in week 31 2023, using 21 highly specific markers from the 50 investigated. We report BA.2.86’s introduction and subsequent spread to all 14 regions performing wastewater sampling, and on 70 confirmed COVID-19 cases, along with the emergence of sublineages JN.1 and JN.2. Further, we investigated two novel mutations defining the unique BA.2.86 branching in Sweden. Our integrated approach enabled variant tracking, offering evidence for well-informed public health interventions.
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Investigation of an international water polo tournament in Czechia as a potential source for early introduction of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant into Belgium, Switzerland and Germany, November 2021
Christoph Rudin, Nena Bollen, Samuel L Hong, Fanny Wegner, Lida Politi, Kassiani Mellou, Caspar Geenen, Sarah Gorissen, Bruno Verhasselt, Keith Durkin, Coralie Henin, Anne-Sophie Logist, Simon Dellicour, Tobias Resa, Tanja Stadler, Piet Maes, Lize Cuypers, Emmanuel André, Adrian Egli and Guy Baele
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 10.11.2023
Tilføjet 10.11.2023
BackgroundThe earliest recognised infections by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (Pango lineage B.1.1.529) in Belgium and Switzerland suggested a connection to an international water polo tournament, held 12–14 November 2021 in Brno, Czechia. AimTo study the arrival and subsequent spread of the Omicron variant in Belgium and Switzerland, and understand the overall importance of this international sporting event on the number of infections in the two countries. MethodsWe performed intensive forward and backward contact tracing in both countries, supplemented by phylogenetic investigations using virus sequences of the suspected infection chain archived in public databases. ResultsThrough contact tracing, we identified two and one infected athletes of the Belgian and Swiss water polo teams, respectively, and subsequently also three athletes from Germany. In Belgium and Switzerland, four and three secondary infections, and three and one confirmed tertiary infections were identified. Phylogenetic investigation demonstrated that this sporting event played a role as the source of infection, but without a direct link with infections from South Africa and not as a superspreading event; the virus was found to already be circulating at that time in the countries involved. ConclusionThe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant started to circulate in Europe several weeks before its identification in South Africa on 24 November 2021. Accordingly, it can be assumed that travel restrictions are usually implemented too late to prevent the spread of newly detected SARS-CoV-2 variants to other regions. Phylogenetic analysis may modify the perception of an apparently clear result of intensive contact tracing.
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Notes from the Field: Early Identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86 Variant by the Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program - Dulles International Airport, August 2023
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 26.10.2023
Tilføjet 26.10.2023
CDC detected BA.2.86 variant in a traveler within days of being reported. Timely detection provides early warning of new COVID-19 variants entering the U.S.
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Evidence-based advice processes for long-term care facilities in the COVID-19 pandemic - Aggregate report from the After-Action reviews in Georgia and Norway
ECDC
ECDC COVID-19 updates, 19.10.2023
Tilføjet 19.10.2023
This report is based on the findings from two focused After-Action reviews (AARs) in Norway and Georgia that discussed the use of evidence in the advice-making process for long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during the start of the COVID-19 Omicron wave in early 2022.
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Evidence-based advice processes for long-term care facilities in the COVID-19 pandemic - Report from the after-action review (AAR) in Norway
ECDC
ECDC COVID-19 updates, 17.10.2023
Tilføjet 17.10.2023
Report from the after-action review (AAR) in Norway during the emergence of the Omicron variant of concern of SARS-CoV-2.
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Effectiveness of Maternal mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy Against COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations in Infants Aged 6 Months During SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Predominance - 20 States, March 9, 2022-May 31, 2023
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 29.09.2023
Tilføjet 29.09.2023
This report describes how young infants of people who received a COVID-19 vaccine while pregnant were less likely to be hospitalized or experience serious complications from COVID-19.
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Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on self-administered swabs, Denmark, May to July 2022: evaluation of a pilot study
Kamille Fogh, Tine Graakjær Larsen, Cyril Jean-Marie Martel, Frederik Trier Møller, Lasse Skafte Vestergaard, Ramona Trebbien, Anne-Marie Vangsted and Tyra Grove Krause
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 22.09.2023
Tilføjet 22.09.2023
BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the Danish National Institute for Infectious Disease, Statens Serum Institute (SSI) developed a home-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system. AimsWe wanted to determine whether a cohort of individuals performing self-administered swabs for PCR at home could support surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, including detection and assessment of new variants. We also aimed to evaluate the logistical setup. MethodsFrom May to July 2022, 10,000 blood donors were invited to participate, along with their household members. Participation required performing a self-swab for 4 consecutive weeks and answering symptom questionnaires via a web app. Swabs were sent by post to SSI for PCR analysis and whole genome sequencing. After study completion, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their experience. ResultsIn total, 2,186 individuals enrolled (47.4% blood donors), and 1,333 performed self-swabbing (53.0 blood donors), of whom 48 had at least one SARS-CoV-2-positive sample. Fourteen different Omicron subvariants, primarily BA.5 subvariants, were identified by whole genome sequencing (WGS). In total, 29 of the 63 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were taken from individuals who were asymptomatic at the time of swabbing. Participants collected 2.9 swabs on average, with varying intervals between swabs. Transmission within households was observed in only three of 25 households. ConclusionParticipants successfully performed self-swabs and answered symptom questionnaires. Also, WGS analysis of samples was possible. The system can support surveillance of respiratory pathogens and also holds potential as a diagnostic tool, easing access to test for at-risk groups, while also reducing the burden on healthcare system resources.
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Can variants, reinfection, symptoms and test types affect COVID-19 diagnostic performance? A large-scale retrospective study of AG-RDTs during circulation of Delta and Omicron variants, Czechia, December 2021 to February 2022
Tomáš Kliegr, Jiří Jarkovský, Helena Jiřincová, Jaroslav Kuchař, Tomáš Karel, David Chudán, Stanislav Vojíř, Michal Zavřel, Ondřej Šanca and Ruth Tachezy
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 22.09.2023
Tilføjet 22.09.2023
BackgroundThe sensitivity and specificity of selected antigen detection rapid diagnostic tests (AG-RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 were determined in the unvaccinated population when the Delta variant was circulating. Viral loads, dynamics, symptoms and tissue tropism differ between Omicron and Delta. AimWe aimed to compare AG-RDT sensitivity and specificity in selected subgroups during Omicron vs Delta circulation. MethodsWe retrospectively paired AG-RDT results with PCRs registered in Czechia’s Information System for Infectious Diseases from 1 to 25 December 2021 (Delta, n = 20,121) and 20 January to 24 February 2022 (Omicron, n = 47,104). ResultsWhen confirmatory PCR was conducted on the same day as AG-RDT as a proxy for antigen testing close to peak viral load, the average sensitivity for Delta was 80.4% and for Omicron 81.4% (p
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Paxlovid, Lagevrio Benefit COVID Outpatients in Omicron Era
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 20.09.2023
Tilføjet 20.09.2023
The American College of Physicians has issued an updated version of its living, rapid practice point guideline on the best treatment options for outpatients with confirmed COVID-19. MDedge News
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A standardised protocol for relative SARS-CoV-2 variant severity assessment, applied to Omicron BA.1 and Delta in six European countries, October 2021 to February 2022
Tommy Nyberg, Peter Bager, Ingrid Bech Svalgaard, Dritan Bejko, Nick Bundle, Josie Evans, Tyra Grove Krause, Jim McMenamin, Joël Mossong, Heather Mutch, Ajibola Omokanye, André Peralta-Santos, Pedro Pinto-Leite, Jostein Starrfelt, Simon Thelwall, Lamprini Veneti, Robert Whittaker, John Wood, Richard Pebody and Anne M Presanis
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Several SARS-CoV-2 variants that evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic have appeared to differ in severity, based on analyses of single-country datasets. With decreased testing and sequencing, international collaborative studies will become increasingly important for timely assessment of the severity of new variants. Therefore, a joint WHO Regional Office for Europe and ECDC working group was formed to produce and pilot a standardised study protocol to estimate relative case-severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants during periods when two variants were co-circulating. The study protocol and its associated statistical analysis code was applied by investigators in Denmark, England, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal and Scotland to assess the severity of cases with the Omicron BA.1 virus variant relative to Delta. After pooling estimates using meta-analysis methods (random effects estimates), the risk of hospital admission (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31−0.54), admission to intensive care unit (aHR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.05−0.27) and death (aHR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.28−0.35) was lower for Omicron BA.1 compared with Delta cases. The aHRs varied by age group and vaccination status. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of conducting variant severity analyses in a multinational collaborative framework and adds evidence for the reduced severity of the Omicron BA.1 variant.
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Q&A: What to Know About the New BA 2.86 COVID Variant
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 1.09.2023
Tilføjet 1.09.2023
BA 2.86 is a subvariant of Omicron, but according to reports from the CDC, the strain has many more mutations than the ones that came before it. WebMD Health News
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Post Omicron, Most Canadians Have Hybrid Immunity
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 14.08.2023
Tilføjet 14.08.2023
Most Canadians now have hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 through a combination of infection and vaccination, but certain groups remain vulnerable. Medscape Medical News
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22
It May Be Time to Pay Attention to COVID Again
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 12.08.2023
Tilføjet 12.08.2023
Since April, a new COVID variant has cropped up. According to recent CDC data, EG.5 — from the Omicron family — now makes up 17% of all cases in the US, up from 7.5% in the first week of July. WebMD Health News
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23
Relative effectiveness of bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4-5 mRNA vaccine in preventing severe COVID-19 in persons 60 years and above during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other XBB sublineages circulation, Italy, April to June 2023
Massimo Fabiani, Alberto Mateo-Urdiales, Chiara Sacco, Maria Cristina Rota, Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis, Daniele Petrone, Martina Del Manso, Andrea Siddu, Paola Stefanelli, Antonino Bella, Flavia Riccardo, Giovanni Rezza, Anna Teresa Palamara, Silvio Brusaferro, Patrizio Pezzotti and on behalf of the Italian Integrated Surveillance of COVID-19 study group and of the Italian COVID-19 Vaccines Registry group
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 11.08.2023
Tilføjet 11.08.2023
During predominant circulation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other XBB sublineages (April–June 2023), we found that a second or third booster of Comirnaty bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4-5 mRNA vaccine, versus a first booster received at least 120 days earlier, was effective in preventing severe COVID-19 for more than 6 months post-administration in persons 60 years and above. In view of autumn 2023 vaccination campaigns, use of bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4-5 mRNA vaccines might be warranted until monovalent COVID-19 vaccines targeting Omicron XBB.1 sublineages become available.
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SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Death Rates Among Maintenance Dialysis Patients During Delta and Early Omicron Waves - United States, June 30, 2021-September 27, 2022
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 11.08.2023
Tilføjet 11.08.2023
This report describes rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related deaths were higher among maintenance dialysis patients compared to rates in the U.S. population.
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COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection and hospitalisation in Belgium, July 2021 to May 2022
Toon Braeye, Joris A F van Loenhout, Ruben Brondeel, Veerle Stouten, Pierre Hubin, Matthieu Billuart, Pui Yan Jenny Chung, Mathil Vandromme, Chloé Wyndham-Thomas, Koen Blot and Lucy Catteau
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 30.06.2023
Tilføjet 30.06.2023
BackgroundThe Belgian COVID-19 vaccination campaign aimed to reduce disease spread and severity. AimWe estimated SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection (VEi) and hospitalisation (VEh), given time since vaccination and prior infection. MethodsNationwide healthcare records from July 2021 to May 2022 on testing and vaccination were combined with a clinical hospital survey. We used a test-negative design and proportional hazard regression to estimate VEi and VEh, controlling for prior infection, time since vaccination, age, sex, residence and calendar week of sampling. ResultsWe included 1,932,546 symptomatic individuals, of whom 734,115 tested positive. VEi against Delta waned from an initial estimate of 80% (95% confidence interval (CI): 80–81) to 55% (95% CI: 54–55) 100–150 days after the primary vaccination course. Booster vaccination increased initial VEi to 85% (95% CI: 84–85). Against Omicron, an initial VEi of 33% (95% CI: 30–36) waned to 17% (95% CI: 15–18), while booster vaccination increased VEi to 50% (95% CI: 49–50), which waned to 20% (95% CI: 19–21) 100–150 days after vaccination. Initial VEh for booster vaccination decreased from 96% (95% CI: 95–96) against Delta to 87% (95% CI: 86–89) against Omicron. VEh against Omicron waned to 73% (95% CI: 71–75) 100–150 days after booster vaccination. While recent prior infections conferred higher protection, infections occurring before 2021 remained associated with significant risk reduction against symptomatic infection. Vaccination and prior infection outperformed vaccination or prior infection only. ConclusionWe report waning and a significant decrease in VEi and VEh from Delta to Omicron-dominant periods. Booster vaccination and prior infection attenuated these effects.
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Trends in Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections and Associated Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years - 18 U.S. Jurisdictions, September 2021-December 2022
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 23.06.2023
Tilføjet 23.06.2023
This report describes an increase in COVID-19 cases as new Omicron lineages became predominant.
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27
Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Circulation of Omicron Lineages - United States, January 2022-May 2023
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 16.06.2023
Tilføjet 16.06.2023
This report describes how multiple omicron lineages were identified using genomic surveillance.
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28
Establishing severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance in a sentinel hospital, Ireland, 2021 to 2022
Melissa Brady, Roisin Duffy, Lisa Domegan, Abigail Salmon, Binita Maharjan, Cathal O'Broin, Charlene Bennett, James Christle, Jeff Connell, Laura Feeney, Nadra Nurdin, Patrick Mallon, Peter Doran, Rosa McNamara, Sarah O'Grady, Sinead McDermott, Naomi Petty-Saphon and Joan O’Donnell
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 9.06.2023
Tilføjet 9.06.2023
BackgroundIn 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) accelerated development of European-level severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance. AimWe aimed to establish SARI surveillance in one Irish hospital as part of a European network E-SARI-NET. MethodsWe used routine emergency department records to identify cases in one adult acute hospital. The SARI case definition was adapted from the ECDC clinical criteria for a possible COVID-19 case. Clinical data were collected using an online questionnaire. Cases were tested for SARS-CoV-2, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), including whole genome sequencing (WGS) on SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive samples and viral characterisation/sequencing on influenza RNA-positive samples. Descriptive analysis was conducted for SARI cases hospitalised between July 2021 and April 2022. ResultsOverall, we identified 437 SARI cases, the incidence ranged from two to 28 cases per week (0.7–9.2/100,000 hospital catchment population). Of 431 cases tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, 226 (52%) were positive. Of 349 (80%) cases tested for influenza and RSV RNA, 15 (4.3%) were positive for influenza and eight (2.3%) for RSV. Using WGS, we identified Delta- and Omicron-dominant periods. The resource-intensive nature of manual clinical data collection, specimen management and laboratory supply shortages for influenza and RSV testing were challenging. ConclusionWe successfully established SARI surveillance as part of E-SARI-NET. Expansion to additional sentinel sites is planned following formal evaluation of the existing system. SARI surveillance requires multidisciplinary collaboration, automated data collection where possible, and dedicated personnel resources, including for specimen management.
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Emergence, spread and characterisation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640 circulating in France, October 2021 to February 2022
Gwenola Picard, Lucie Fournier, Anna Maisa, Claire Grolhier, Souhaila Chent, Caroline Huchet-Kervalla, Jeanne Sudour, Maël Pretet, Laurence Josset, Sylvie Behillil, Justine Schaeffer, Laboratory group and COVID-19 Investigation Group
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 2.06.2023
Tilføjet 2.06.2023
BackgroundSuccessive epidemic waves of COVID-19 illustrated the potential of SARS-CoV-2 variants to reshape the pandemic. Detecting and characterising emerging variants is essential to evaluate their public health impact and guide implementation of adapted control measures. AimTo describe the detection of emerging variant, B.1.640, in France through genomic surveillance and present investigations performed to inform public health decisions. MethodsIdentification and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640 was achieved through the French genomic surveillance system, producing 1,009 sequences. Additional investigation of 272 B.1.640-infected cases was performed between October 2021 and January 2022 using a standardised questionnaire and comparing with Omicron variant-infected cases. ResultsB.1.640 was identified in early October 2021 in a school cluster in Bretagne, later spreading throughout France. B.1.640 was detected at low levels at the end of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant’s dominance and progressively disappeared after the emergence of the Omicron (BA.1) variant. A high proportion of investigated B.1.640 cases were children aged under 14 (14%) and people over 60 (27%) years, because of large clusters in these age groups. B.1.640 cases reported previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (4%), anosmia (32%) and ageusia (34%), consistent with data on pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. Eight percent of investigated B.1.640 cases were hospitalised, with an overrepresentation of individuals aged over 60 years and with risk factors. ConclusionEven though B.1.640 did not outcompete the Delta variant, its importation and continuous low-level spread raised concerns regarding its public health impact. The investigations informed public health decisions during the time that B.1.640 was circulating.
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One in 10 People Who Had Omicron Got Long COVID: Study
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 31.05.2023
Tilføjet 31.05.2023
The research team evaluated data from 8646 adults who had COVID-19 at different times during the pandemic and from 1118 persons who had not had COVID. WebMD Health News
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SARS-CoV-2 self-test uptake and factors associated with self-testing during Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 waves in France, January to May 2022
Olivier Supplisson, Tiffany Charmet, Simon Galmiche, Laura Schaeffer, Olivia Chény, Anne Lévy, Nathan Jeandet, Faïza Omar, Christophe David, Alexandra Mailles and Arnaud Fontanet
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 5.05.2023
Tilføjet 5.05.2023
BackgroundFollowing the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spread, the use of unsupervised antigenic rapid diagnostic tests (self-tests) increased. AimThis study aimed to measure self-test uptake and factors associated with self-testing. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study from 20 January to 2 May 2022, the case series from a case–control study on factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were used to analyse self-testing habits in France. A multivariable quasi-Poisson regression was used to explore the variables associated with self-testing among symptomatic cases who were not contacts of another infected individual. The control series from the same study was used as a proxy for the self-test background rate in the non-infected population of France. ResultsDuring the study period, 179,165 cases who tested positive through supervised tests were recruited. Of these, 64.7% had performed a self-test in the 3 days preceding this supervised test, of which 79,038 (68.2%) were positive. The most frequently reported reason for self-testing was the presence of symptoms (64.6%). Among symptomatic cases who were not aware of being contacts of another case, self-testing was positively associated with being female, higher education, household size, being a teacher and negatively associated with older age, not French by birth, healthcare-related work and immunosuppression. Among the control series, 12% self-tested during the 8 days preceding questionnaire filling, with temporal heterogeneity. ConclusionThe analysis showed high self-test uptake in France with some inequalities which must be addressed through education and facilitated access (cost and availability) for making it a more efficient epidemic control tool.
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PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (16): XBB.1.16, reinfections, microglia, sequelae, WHO, global
ProMED, 2.05.2023
Tilføjet 2.05.2023
COVID-19 -- In an earlier statement, Dr Zaliha noted that as of Monday [24 Apr 2023], 12 cases of the arcturus variant had been reported in Malaysia, with all cases exhibiting mild and stable symptoms.Of these cases, 4 were detected in Selangor, 2 in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, and 6 in Sarawak.The arcturus (XBB.1.16) subvariant is part of the omicron family, formed by the combination or recombination of the BA.2.10.1 and BA.2.75 variants.\'The World Health Organization (WHO) has
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Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death Among Immunocompetent Adults During the Omicron Variant Period - IVY Network, 19 U.S. States, February 1, 2022-January 31, 2023
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 27.04.2023
Tilføjet 27.04.2023
This report describes effectiveness of monovalent mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19-associated invasive mechanical ventilation and death.
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Performance of 20 rapid antigen detection tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants using a clinical specimen panel from January 2022, Berlin, Germany
Andreas Puyskens, Fatimanur Bayram, Akin Sesver, Janine Michel, Eva Krause, Daniel Bourquain, Angela Filomena, Katharina Esser-Nobis, Carla Steffanowski, C Micha Nübling, Heinrich Scheiblauer, Lars Schaade and Andreas Nitsche
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 22.04.2023
Tilføjet 22.04.2023
BackgroundThere are conflicting reports on the performance of rapid antigen detection tests (RDT) in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant; however, these tests continue to be used frequently to detect potentially contagious individuals with high viral loads. AimThe aim of this study was to investigate comparative detection of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron variants by using a selection of 20 RDT and a limited panel of pooled combined oro- and nasopharyngeal clinical Delta and Omicron specimens. MethodsWe tested 20 CE-marked RDT for their performance to detect SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron by using a panel of pooled clinical specimens collected in January 2022 in Berlin, Germany. ResultsWe observed equivalent detection performance for Delta and Omicron for most RDT, and sensitivity was widely in line with our previous pre-Delta/Omicron evaluation. Some variation for individual RDT was observed either for Delta vs Omicron detection, or when compared with the previous evaluation, which may be explained both by different panel sizes resulting in different data robustness and potential limitation of batch-to-batch consistency. Additional experiments with three RDT using non-pooled routine clinical samples confirmed comparable performance to detect Delta vs Omicron. Overall, RDT that were previously positively evaluated retained good performance also for Delta and Omicron variants. ConclusionOur findings suggest that currently available RDT are sufficient for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants.
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Performance of 20 rapid antigen detection tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants using a clinical specimen panel from January 2022, Berlin, Germany
Andreas Puyskens, Fatimanur Bayram, Akin Sesver, Janine Michel, Eva Krause, Daniel Bourquain, Angela Filomena, Katharina Esser-Nobis, Carla Steffanowski, C Micha Nübling, Heinrich Scheiblauer, Lars Schaade and Andreas Nitsche
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 21.04.2023
Tilføjet 21.04.2023
BackgroundThere are conflicting reports on the performance of rapid antigen detection tests (RDT) in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant; however, these tests continue to be used frequently to detect potentially contagious individuals with high viral loads. AimThe aim of this study was to investigate comparative detection of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron variants by using a selection of 20 RDT and a limited panel of pooled combined oro- and nasopharyngeal clinical Delta and Omicron specimens. MethodsWe tested 20 CE-marked RDT for their performance to detect SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron by using a panel of pooled clinical specimens collected in January 2022 in Berlin, Germany. ResultsWe observed equivalent detection performance for Delta and Omicron for most RDT, and sensitivity was widely in line with our previous pre-Delta/Omicron evaluation. Some variation for individual RDT was observed either for Delta vs Omicron detection, or when compared with the previous evaluation, which may be explained both by different panel sizes resulting in different data robustness and potential limitation of batch-to-batch consistency. Additional experiments with three RDT using non-pooled routine clinical samples confirmed comparable performance to detect Delta vs Omicron. Overall, RDT that were previously positively evaluated retained good performance also for Delta and Omicron variants. ConclusionOur findings suggest that currently available RDT are sufficient for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants.
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PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (15): India, arcturus, fetal brain damage, HCW, global
ProMED, 17.04.2023
Tilføjet 17.04.2023
COVID-19 -- - What are the symptoms of the new COVID variant?- How many cases of new variant are in UK?- What do we know about the new COVID variant?- Doctors urge caution: \'This is one to watch\'What are the symptoms of the new COVID variant?-----------------------------------------------The XBB.1.16 strain, a sub-variant of omicron, has been found in 22 countries, including Singapore, Australia, the UK and the US.The variant, dubbed arcturus, is believed to be responsible for an uptick
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PRO/ALL> New in IJID (04): April 2023
ProMED, 6.04.2023
Tilføjet 6.04.2023
Avian Influenza -- Consequences and global risks of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in poultry in the United Kingdom.Haider et al.Int J Infect Dis. 2023;129:162-164Coronavirus (COVID-19) collection---------------------------------Epidemiological, clinical and household transmission characteristics of children and adolescents infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Shanghai, China: a retrospective multicenter observational study.Liu et al.Int J Infect Dis.
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Nasal COVID Treatment Shows Early Promise
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 1.04.2023
Tilføjet 1.04.2023
The viral inhibitor also appears effective against all coronavirus variants of concern, neutralizing even the Omicron variants BA.5, XBB, and BQ.1.1 in laboratory and mice studies. WebMD Health News
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Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by vaccination status, predominant variant and time from prior infection: a cohort study, Reggio Emilia province, Italy, February 2020 to February 2022
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 30.03.2023
Tilføjet 31.03.2023
BackgroundUnderstanding the epidemiology of reinfections is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 control over a long period. AimTo evaluate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by vaccination status, predominant variant and time after first infection. MethodsWe conducted a cohort study including all residents in the Reggio Emilia province on 31 December 2019, followed up until 28 February 2022 for SARS-CoV-2 first infection and reinfection after 90 days. Cox models were used to compare risk of first infection vs reinfection, adjusting for age, sex, vaccine doses and comorbidities. ResultsThe cohort included 538,516 residents, 121,154 with first SARS-CoV-2 infections and 3,739 reinfections, most in the Omicron BA.1 period. In the pre-Omicron period, three doses of vaccine reduced risk of reinfection by 89% (95% CI: 87–90), prior infection reduced risk by 90% (95% CI: 88–91), while two doses and infection reduced risk by 98% (95% CI: 96–99). In the Omicron BA.1 period, protection estimates were 53% (95% CI: 52–55), 9% (95% CI: 4–14) and 76% (95% CI: 74–77). Before Omicron, protection from reinfection remained above 80% for up to 15 months; with Omicron BA.1, protection decreased from 71% (95% CI: 65–76) at 5 months to 21% (95% CI: 10–30) at 22 months from the first infection. Omicron BA.1 reinfections showed 48% (95% CI: 10–57) lower risk of severe disease than first infections. ConclusionsNatural immunity acquired with previous variants showed low protection against Omicron BA.1. Combined vaccination and natural immunity seems to be more protective against reinfection than either alone. Vaccination of people with prior infection reduced the risk of severe disease.
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PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (12): countries, variants, susceptibility, vaccines, WHO, global
ProMED, 22.03.2023
Tilføjet 22.03.2023
COVID-19 -- On 14 Feb 2023, a co-infection of omicron strains was detected in a sample collected and submitted for examination at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.On 7 Feb 2023, a 67-year-old female patient living in Yunyang County, Chongqing City, was identified with a history of malignant tumor that had been treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeting, and other treatments in the past 6 months. Low immunity was suspected, but no other basic diseases, history of
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Using an influenza surveillance system to estimate the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Beijing, China, weeks 2 to 6 2023
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.03.2023
Tilføjet 18.03.2023
With COVID-19 public health control measures downgraded in China in January 2023, reported COVID-19 case numbers may underestimate the true numbers after the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron wave. Using a multiplier model based on our influenza surveillance system, we estimated that the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 392/100,000 population in Beijing during the 5 weeks following policy adjustment. No notable change occurred after the Spring Festival in early February. The multiplier model provides an opportunity for assessing the actual COVID-19 situation.
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Omicron Much Less Likely to Cause Long COVID, Study Finds
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2023
Tilføjet 14.03.2023
"In a young and healthy population, the risk of long COVID after Omicron infection, independent of vaccination status, is very low." WebMD Health News
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PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (10): Hong Kong, XBB.1.5, Iran, UAE, bivalent vacc
ProMED, 8.03.2023
Tilføjet 8.03.2023
COVID-19 -- IranBackground----------Given the high circulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the year 2022, characterised by predominance of the Omicron variant, hybrid immunity conferred by vaccination and infection has become a frequent immunological status in the population, requiring a careful evaluation to refine indications on timing for the administration of a booster dose. Our aim was to evaluate, among persons ≥ 60 years, the effectiveness against
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44
PRO/ALL> New in IJID (03): March 2023
ProMED, 6.03.2023
Tilføjet 6.03.2023
-- Emergence and geographic dominance of omicron subvariants XBB/XBB.1.5 and BF.7 - the public health challengesVelavan et al.Int J Infect Dis. 2023;128:307-309Original reports - COVID-19 collection--------------------------------------Risk factors, health outcomes, healthcare services utilization, and direct medical costs of patients with long COVIDTene et al.Int J Infect Dis. 2023;128:3-10Identifying age- and sex-specific COVID-19 mortality trends over time in 6
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Protection against severe COVID-19 after second booster dose of adapted bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4-5) mRNA vaccine in persons ≥ 60 years, by time since infection, Italy, 12 September to 11 December 2022
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 23.02.2023
Tilføjet 24.02.2023
Effectiveness against severe COVID-19 of a second booster dose of the bivalent (original/BA.4–5) mRNA vaccine 7–90 days post-administration, relative to a first booster dose of an mRNA vaccine received ≥ 120 days earlier, was ca 60% both in persons ≥ 60 years never infected and in those infected > 6 months before. Relative effectiveness in those infected 4–6 months earlier indicated no significant additional protection (10%; 95% CI: −44 to 44). A second booster vaccination 6 months after the latest infection may be warranted.
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Higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 infection than of BA.2 infection after previous BA.1 infection, the Netherlands, 2 May to 24 July 2022
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.02.2023
Tilføjet 17.02.2023
BackgroundIn summer 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 became dominant in Europe. In vitro studies have shown a large reduction of antibody neutralisation for this variant.AimWe aimed to investigate differences in protection from previous infection and/or vaccination against infection with Omicron BA.4/5 vs BA.2.MethodsWe employed a case-only approach including positive PCR tests from community testing between 2 May and 24 July 2022 that were tested for S gene target failure (SGTF), which distinguishes BA.4/5 from BA.2 infection. Previous infections were categorised by variant using whole genome sequencing or SGTF. We estimated by logistic regression the association of SGTF with vaccination and/or previous infection, and of SGTF of the current infection with the variant of the previous infection, adjusting for testing week, age group and sex.ResultsThe percentage of registered previous SARS-CoV-2 infections was higher among 19,836 persons infected with Omicron BA.4/5 than among 7,052 persons infected with BA.2 (31.3% vs 20.0%). Adjusting for testing week, age group and sex, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3–1.5). The distribution of vaccination status did not differ for BA.4/5 vs BA.2 infections (aOR = 1.1 for primary and booster vaccination). Among persons with a previous infection, those currently infected with BA4/5 had a shorter interval between infections, and the previous infection was more often caused by BA.1, compared with those currently infected with BA.2 (aOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5–2.6).ConclusionOur results suggest immunity induced by BA.1 is less effective against BA.4/5 infection than against BA.2 infection.
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Effectiveness of bivalent mRNA booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, the Netherlands, September to December 2022
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.02.2023
Tilføjet 17.02.2023
We used data of 32,542 prospective cohort study participants who previously received primary and one or two monovalent booster COVID-19 vaccinations. Between 26 September and 19 December 2022, relative effectiveness of bivalent original/Omicron BA.1 vaccination against self-reported Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection was 31% in 18–59-year-olds and 14% in 60–85-year-olds. Protection of Omicron infection was higher than of bivalent vaccination without prior infection. Although bivalent booster vaccination increases protection against COVID-19 hospitalisations, we found limited added benefit in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Vaccination Could Reduce Risk for Long COVID, Study Shows
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 17.02.2023
Tilføjet 17.02.2023
The new study looked at patients 3 months after their COVID-19 infections across pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron variants. WebMD Health News
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49
Paxlovid Reduced Hospitalizations, Deaths During Omicron
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 15.02.2023
Tilføjet 15.02.2023
The research team observed a potential decrease in effectiveness over time, and one author called for continued monitoring. Medscape Medical News
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50
COVID-19 Vaccination Appears to Reduce Diabetes Risk After Virus
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 15.02.2023
Tilføjet 15.02.2023
The elevated risk for diabetes seen following COVID-19 early in the pandemic has continued with the Omicron strain, but vaccination appears to attenuate the risk. Medscape Medical News
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