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1
Reconstitution of a minimal motility system based on Spiroplasma swimming by two bacterial actins in a synthetic minimal bacterium
Science Advances, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
2
Molecular architecture of the Chikungunya virus replication complex
Science Advances, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
3
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors
Science Advances, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
4
Structure and host specificity of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteriophage Andhra
Science Advances, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
5
Zika virus noncoding RNA cooperates with the viral protein NS5 to inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation and facilitate viral pathogenesis
Science Advances, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
6
Spontaneous Mutational Patterns and Novel Mutations for Delamanid Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
7
In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of CUO246, a Novel Bacterial DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase IV Inhibitor
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
8
Osteoarticular Mycoses
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
9
The abortive infection functions of CRISPR-Cas and Argonaute
Trends in Microbiology, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
CRISPR-Cas and prokaryotic Argonaute (pAgo) are nucleic acid (NA)-guided defense systems that protect prokaryotes against the invasion of mobile genetic elements. Previous studies established that they are directed by NA fragments (guides) to recognize invading complementary NA (targets), and that they cleave the targets to silence the invaders. Nevertheless, growing evidence indicates that many CRISPR-Cas and pAgo systems exploit the abortive infection (Abi) strategy to confer immunity. The CRISPR-Cas and pAgo Abi systems typically sense invaders using the NA recognition ability and activate various toxic effectors to kill the infected cells to prevent the invaders from spreading.
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10
DExD/H-box helicases in HIV-1 replication and their inhibition
Trends in Microbiology, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but selection of treatment-refractory variants remains a major challenge. HIV-1 encodes 16 canonical proteins, a small number of which are the singular targets of nearly all antiretrovirals developed to date. Cellular factors are increasingly being explored, which may present more therapeutic targets, more effectively target certain aspects of the viral replication cycle, and/or limit viral escape. Unlike most other positive-sense RNA viruses that encode at least one helicase, retroviruses are limited to the host repertoire.
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11
Mitochondrial genome maintenance - the kinetoplast story
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 1.12.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
AbstractMitochondrial DNA replication is an essential process in most eukaryotes. Similar to the diversity in mitochondrial genome size and organization in the different eukaryotic supergroups, there is considerable diversity in the replication process of the mitochondrial DNA. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mitochondrial DNA replication and the associated factors in trypanosomes with a focus on Trypanosoma brucei, and provide a new model of minicircle replication for this protozoan parasite. The model assumes the mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast DNA, kDNA) of T. brucei to be loosely diploid in nature and the replication of the genome to occur at two replication centers at the opposing ends of the kDNA disc (also known as antipodal sites, APS). The new model is consistent with the localization of most replication factors and in contrast to the current model, it does not require the assumption of an unknown sorting and transport complex moving freshly replicated DNA to the antipodal sites. In combination with the previously proposed sexual stages of the parasite in the insect vector, the new model provides a mechanism for maintenance of the mitochondrial genetic diversity.
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12
A universal flu vaccine on the horizon
Nature, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
13
A new class of antibiotics delivers promising trial results against tuberculosis
Nature, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
14
Redistribution of the Novel Clostridioides difficile Spore Adherence Receptor E-Cadherin by TcdA and TcdB Increases Spore Binding to Adherens Junctions
Infection and Immunity, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
15
PRKCA Promotes Mitophagy through the miR-15a-5p/PDK4 Axis to Relieve Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Infection and Immunity, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
16
Analysis of the Brucella suis Twin Arginine Translocation System and Its Substrates Shows That It Is Essential for Viability
Infection and Immunity, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 1.12.2022
17
Sexual uses of drug and alcohol among men who have sex with men in China: implications for HIV prevention
BMC Infectious Diseases, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are pervasive among men who have sex with men (MSM) and associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, there are limited studies related to sexual uses of alcohol and drugs among MSM in China. This study aims to describe the pattern of alcohol use, drug use, and multi-drug use during sex among Chinese MSM and to examine the association between condomless anal intercourse, group sex, commercial sex and HIV infection. Methods We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in China. Characteristics on social-demographic, sexual behaviors, and sexual uses of alcohol and drugs were collected. The associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV infection were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 699 MSM were included in this study. About 39.5% (230/582) of men reported sexual alcohol use in the past three months and 50.8% (355/699) reported sexual drug use. Of those reporting sexual drug use, around 10.7% (38/355) reported having multi-drug use. Factors associated with both sexual uses of alcohol and drugs included: reporting more male sexual partners (alcohol: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.77; drug: aOR = 2.12), reporting condomless anal intercourse in the past three months (alcohol: aOR = 2.08; drug: aOR = 2.08), having ever engaged in group sex (alcohol: aOR = 2.04; drug: aOR = 5.22; multi-drug: aOR = 3.52) and commercial sex (alcohol: aOR = 4.43; drug: aOR = 4.22 multi-drug: aOR = 5.07). Sexual drug use was also correlated with reported HIV-positive status (drug: aOR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.31–4.90). Conclusion Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are prevalent among Chinese MSM. Interventions to reduce the sexual use of alcohol and other drugs may be warranted among MSM in China.
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18
Epidemiological study of HPV infection in 40,693 women in Putian: a population study based on screening for high-risk HPV infection
BMC Infectious Diseases, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background The infection rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) is high in the coastal regions of China. However, the infection rate among high-risk genotypes of women in Putian City is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the epidemiology of high-risk HPV infection among women in Putian and provide a reference for the diagnosis, treatment and vaccination of cervical cancer in this region. Methods The data used were obtained from the Chinese government’s public health program (“Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Project”). A total of 40,693 female cervical cell exfoliation samples screened for high-risk HPV at the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from July 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled. DNA was extracted using a fully automatic extractor. Then, 14 high-risk genotypes of HPV were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The characteristics of HPV infection, distribution of high-risk genotypes, infection types and thinprep cytologic test (TCT) classification at different age groups were analysed. Results Among the 40,693 samples, 3899 were infected with HPV, with an infection rate of 9.6%. Accordingly, HPV infection rates gradually increased with age, and statistically significant differences were observed among age groups (χ2 = 74.03, P < 0.01). The infection rates of high-risk HPV52, HPV58 and HPV16 were in the top three and increased with age. Single infection was dominant (84.7%), followed by double infections (12.7%). The cervical cytology of 3899 HPV-positive people can be classified into negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy (NILM, 88.0%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US, 6.6%), atypical squamous cells—cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H, 1.4%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL, 3.2%) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, 0.8%). HPV16 infection rate increased with increasing severity of cervical cytology (χ2trend = 43.64, P < 0.01), whereas the infection rates of HPV52 (χ2trend = 13.89, P < 0.01) and HPV58 (χ2trend = 13.50, P < 0.01) showed opposite trends. Conclusion The infection rate of female HPV high-risk screening in this region was 9.6% and mainly involved single infections. In addition, HPV16, HPV52 and HPV58 were closely related to the severity of cervical cytology. Effective screening, vaccination and education are needed. The 9-valent vaccine will be effective in reducing cervical pre-invasive disease. It would also be reasonable to state that the rising trend in HPV infection and high grade cytology with age emphasises the need to target older women with screening. Vaccination of younger women (aged ≤ 25) will lay the foundation for better cancer outcomes in the future.
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19
Risk factors for severe Covid-19 breakthrough infections: an observational longitudinal study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background The drive to vaccinate large populations is nowadays the main instrument for combating the pandemic and preventing serious disease and death. However, breakthrough infection (post-vaccination infection) still happens after vaccination among fully vaccinated people. We aimed to assess the severity outcomes and to determine its associated factors among vaccinated COVID-19 cases in the governorate of Sousse, Tunisia. Methods We carried out a five-month observational longitudinal study including all the population of Sousse. Confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccination status are recorded in the daily COVID- 19 database of the Regional Office of the Tunisian Ministry of Health. We included all post-vaccination COVID-19 cases for the analysis of the COVID-19 serious outcomes. Data were collected via 15-min telephonic call interviews conducted by trained interviewers. Descriptive analysis with calculating incidence rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was conducted. In binary logistic regression, adjusted odds ratios along with 95% intervals confidence were performed to determine factors related to severe or critical COVID-19. Results As of 31 July 2021, 107,545 persons over 19 years old have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Among the vaccinated population, we traced and included 765 breakthrough infection cases, and the incidence rate was 711.3 per week. The majority were female (sex-ratio = 0.8), and the average age of the overall cases was 55.7 years. The prevalence of severe or critical cases in vaccinated COVID-19 patients occurs in 10.8% of cases. Patients with a medical history of cardiovascular diseases had more than two times increased odds to have a severe or critical disease. We also found the highest self-estimation of adherence to preventive measures was inversely correlated to serious cases and having an incomplete vaccination schema was strongly associated with complications. Conclusions We tried to provide evidence about the breakthrough infections to improve measures of prevention and control of COVID-19. Boosting immunity for vulnerable patients added to maintaining and promoting preventive measures are not only essential to prevent severe cases of breakthrough infections of COVID-19, but also other influenza-like diseases.
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20
Gene Coverage Count and Classification (GC3): a locus sequence coverage assessment tool using short-read whole genome sequencing data, and its application to identify and classify histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 deletions in Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria Journal, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background The ability of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to effectively detect active infections is being compromised by the presence of malaria strains with genomic deletions at the hrp2 and hrp3 loci, encoding the antigens most commonly targeted in diagnostics for Plasmodium falciparum detection. The presence of such deletions can be determined in publically available P. falciparum whole genome sequencing (WGS) datasets. A computational approach was developed and validated, termed Gene Coverage Count and Classification (GC3), to analyse genome-wide sequence coverage data and provide informative outputs to assess presence and coverage profile of a target locus in WGS data. GC3 was applied to detect deletions at hrp2 and hrp3 (hrp2/3) and flanking genes in different geographic regions and across time points. Methods GC3 uses Python and R scripts to extract locus read coverage metrics from mapped WGS data according to user-defined parameters and generates relevant tables and figures. GC3 was tested using WGS data for laboratory reference strains with known hrp2/3 genotypes, and its results compared to those of a hrp2/3-specific qPCR assay. Samples with at least 25% of coding region positions with zero coverage were classified as having a deletion. Publicly available sequence data was analysed and compared with published deletion frequency estimates. Results GC3 results matched the expected coverage of known laboratory reference strains. Agreement between GC3 and a hrp2/3-specific qPCR assay reported for 19/19 (100%) hrp2 deletions and 18/19 (94.7%) hrp3 deletions. Among Cambodian (n = 127) and Brazilian (n = 20) WGS datasets, which had not been previously analysed for hrp2/3 deletions, GC3 identified hrp2 deletions in three and four samples, and hrp3 deletions in 10 and 15 samples, respectively. Plots of hrp2/3 coding regions, grouped by year of sample collection, showed a decrease in median standardized coverage among Malawian samples (n = 150) suggesting the importance of a careful, properly controlled follow up to determine if an increase in frequency of deletions has occurred between 2007–2008 and 2014–2015. Among Malian (n = 90) samples, median standardized coverage was lower in 2002 than 2010, indicating widespread deletions present at the gene locus in 2002. Conclusions The GC3 tool accurately classified hrp2/3 deletions and provided informative tables and figures to analyse targeted gene coverage. GC3 is an appropriate tool when performing preliminary and exploratory assessment of locus coverage data.
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21
Gold miners augment malaria transmission in indigenous territories of Roraima state, Brazil
Malaria Journal, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background Endemic malaria is present in all 15 municipalities of Roraima state, Brazilian Amazonia. Knowledge of epidemiological data of specific populations can guide health policies to formulate effective strategies for integrated control of health-disease care. This study aims to ascertain when, where and who fell ill with malaria in Roraima state from 2010 to 2020. Methods This descriptive study was based on statistical secondary surveillance data through the analysis of relationships underlying numbers of cases, hospitalizations and deaths using the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, Mortality Information System and Hospitalization Information System. Results From 2010 to 2020, there were 138,504 autochthonous cases, 26,158 Venezuelan imported cases, 3765 hospitalizations, and 77 deaths from malaria reported in Roraima. Annual parasitic incidence and the number of hospitalizations showed impressive changes over the period, but without significantly correlating with number of deaths. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum infections had significant shifts throughout this study. Malaria prevalence in indigenous and mining areas has been increasing since 2014. Conclusion The presence of miners in indigenous areas is a reality that has been contributing to the increase of malaria cases in Roraima. The need to implement health policies that also meet this contingent is reinforced.
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22
Human behaviour directs household-level exposure to malaria vectors in Bandarban, Bangladesh
Malaria Journal, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background Bangladesh has reduced malaria incidence and mortality by over 75% between 2010 and 2020. Widespread long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution and use is one of the measures responsible for this success. Recalcitrant malaria hotspots within the Chittagong Hill Tracts districts suggest important drivers of malaria risk may remain uncharacterized. Methods Towards understanding how household-level human behaviour impacts exposure to mosquitoes, parallel human landing catches and human behavioural observations were conducted in four households for 6 months (May–October) over the rainy season in the Bandarban District. Analysis quantifies spatiotemporal human behaviour-adjusted exposure to Anopheles with and without LLINs. Results This small-scale operational study demonstrates that human spatial and temporal presence along with LLIN use drives exposure to Anopheles. Though the four households had both outdoor and indoor exposure, especially in the evening (1800–2000 h) and early morning (0400–0500 h), data points to household-based heterogeneity in malaria exposure even with similar LLIN access. Conclusion Incorporating human behaviour into exposure estimates can be used to understand the efficacy and limitations of local vector control strategies and identify gaps in protection, as well as where present intervention strategies may be optimized.
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23
Naturally acquired antibodies from Beninese infants promote Plasmodium falciparum merozoite-phagocytosis by human blood leukocytes: implications for control of asymptomatic malaria infections
Malaria Journal, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Abstract Background Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are thought to play important roles in the protection against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria. A longitudinal cohort study performed in the Southern part of Benin, identified a group of infants who were able to control asymptomatic malaria infections (CAIG). Methods IgG antibodies against distinct merozoite antigens were quantified in plasma from Beninese infants. Functionality of these antibodies was assessed by the merozoite-phagocytosis assay using THP-1 cells and primary neutrophils as effector cells. Gm allotypes were determined by a serological method of haemagglutination inhibition. Results Purified IgG from infants in CAIG promoted higher levels of merozoite-phagocytosis than did IgG from children who were unable to control asymptomatic infections (Ologit multivariate regression model, Coef. = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02;0.10, P = 0.002). High level of merozoite-phagocytosis activity was significantly associated with high levels of IgG against AMA1 (Coef. = 1.76, 95% CI 0.39;3.14, P = 0.012) and GLURP-R2 (Coef. = 12.24, 95% CI 1.35;23.12, P = 0.028). Moreover, infants of the G3m5,6,10,11,13,14,24 phenotype showed higher merozoite-phagocytosis activity (Generalized linear model multivariate regression, Coef. = 7.46, 95% CI 0.31;14.61, P = 0.041) than those presenting other G3m phenotypes. Conclusion The results of the present study confirm the importance of antibodies to merozoite surface antigens in the control of asymptomatic malaria infection in Beninese infants. The study also demonstrated that G3m phenotypes impact the functional activity of IgG. This last point could have a considerable impact in the research of candidate vaccines against malaria parasites or other pathogens.
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24
[Articles] Efficacy and safety of acoziborole in patients with human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2/3 trial
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 30.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Given the high efficacy and favourable safety profile, acoziborole holds promise in the efforts to reach the WHO goal of interrupting HAT transmission by 2030.
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25
[News] Tuberculosis control: getting back on track in the era of COVID-19
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
A new report by WHO has laid bare the worrying extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted efforts to combat tuberculosis. At the centre of the 2022 Global Tuberculosis Report are the statistics on case notifications. In 2019, the year before the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, 7·1 million new cases of tuberculosis were reported worldwide. In 2020, this number dropped to 5·8 million, before recovering somewhat to 6·4 million in 2021. WHO is confident that the reduced number of reported cases of tuberculosis does not represent a genuine drop in the disease burden.
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26
[News] The Global Allergy Symposium: environmental causes of allergic disease and effective interventions
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Genetic studies of allergies have largely focused on the atopic diseases: asthma, eczema, hay fever, and allergic rhinitis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic loci pertinent to the development of allergies, such as Chr17q, the most significant locus associated with asthma, and Chr6p, the site of genes encoding proteins involved in the recognition of foreign antigens. However, genetic determinants of allergic diseases closely interact with both the microbiome and viral particles, explained Miriam Moffatt (Imperial College London, London, UK).
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27
[Articles] Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 5.09.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Brensocatib treatment did not improve clinical status at day 29 in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.
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28
[Articles] Pregnancy outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in periods dominated by delta and omicron variants in Scotland: a population-based cohort study
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8.10.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 were substantially less likely to have a preterm birth or maternal critical care admission during the omicron-dominant period than during the delta-dominant period.
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29
[Articles] Anti-C5a antibody (vilobelimab) therapy for critically ill, invasively mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 (PANAMO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
In addition to standard of care, vilobelimab improves survival of invasive mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 and leads to a significant decrease in mortality. Vilobelimab could be considered as an additional therapy for patients in this setting and further research is needed on the role of vilobelimab and C5a in other acute respiratory distress syndrome-causing viral infections.
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30
[Articles] Lung epithelial and myeloid innate immunity in influenza-associated or COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: an observational study
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 25.08.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Our results reveal a three-level breach in antifungal immunity in IAPA and CAPA, affecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier, the capacity to phagocytise and kill Aspergillus spores, and the ability to destroy Aspergillus hyphae, which is mainly mediated by neutrophils. The potential of adjuvant IFNγ in the treatment of IAPA and CAPA should be investigated.
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31
[Articles] Colchicine and aspirin in community patients with COVID-19 (ACT): an open-label, factorial, randomised, controlled trial
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 11.10.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
The results provide no support for the use of colchicine or aspirin to prevent disease progression or death in outpatients with COVID-19.
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32
[Articles] Colchicine and the combination of rivaroxaban and aspirin in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 (ACT): an open-label, factorial, randomised, controlled trial
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 11.10.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
Among patients hospitalised with COVID-19, neither colchicine nor the combination of rivaroxaban and aspirin prevent disease progression or death.
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33
[Review] Respiratory system mechanics, gas exchange, and outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
The association of respiratory mechanics, particularly respiratory system static compliance (CRS), with severity of hypoxaemia in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been widely debated, with some studies reporting distinct ARDS phenotypes based on CRS. Ascertaining whether such phenotypes exist is important, because they might indicate the need for ventilation strategies that differ from those used in patients with ARDS due to other causes. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between Dec 1, 2019, and March 14, 2022, we evaluated respiratory system mechanics, ventilator parameters, gas exchange parameters, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS.
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34
In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Gepotidacin against Drug-Resistant Mycobacterial Infections
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 29.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
35
Increased Expression of Efflux Pump norA Drives the Rapid Evolutionary Trajectory from Tolerance to Resistance against Ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 29.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022
36
Structural Elements Involved in ATP Hydrolysis Inhibition and ATP Synthesis of Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial F-ATP Synthase Decipher New Targets for Inhibitors
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 29.11.2022
Tilføjet 30.11.2022