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Søgeord (vaccination) valgt.
1523 emner vises.
BMC Infectious Diseases, 20.04.2024
Tilføjet 20.04.2024
Abstract Considering that neutralizing antibody levels induced by two doses of the inactivated vaccine decreased over time and had fallen to low levels by 6 months, and homologous and heterologous booster immunization programs have been implemented in adults in China. The booster immunization of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (ZF2001) after priming with inactivated vaccine in healthy children and adolescents has not been reported. We performed an open-labeled, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous booster immunization with ZF2001 after priming with inactivated vaccine among 240 population aged 3-17 years in China. The primary outcome was immunogenicity, including geometric mean titers (GMTs), geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and seroconversion rates of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against prototype SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.2 variant at 14 days after vaccination booster. On day 14 post-booster, a third dose booster of the ZF2001 provided a substantial increase in antibody responses in minors, and the overall occurrence rate of adverse reactions after heterologous vaccination was low and all adverse reactions were mild or moderate. The results showed that the ZF2001 heterologous booster had high immunogenicity and good safety profile in children and adolescents, and can elicit a certain level of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron. Trial registration NCT05895110 (Retrospectively registered, First posted in ClinicalTrials.gov date: 08/06/2023)
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 20.04.2024
Tilføjet 20.04.2024
Abstract Considering that neutralizing antibody levels induced by two doses of the inactivated vaccine decreased over time and had fallen to low levels by 6 months, and homologous and heterologous booster immunization programs have been implemented in adults in China. The booster immunization of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (ZF2001) after priming with inactivated vaccine in healthy children and adolescents has not been reported. We performed an open-labeled, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous booster immunization with ZF2001 after priming with inactivated vaccine among 240 population aged 3-17 years in China. The primary outcome was immunogenicity, including geometric mean titers (GMTs), geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and seroconversion rates of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against prototype SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.2 variant at 14 days after vaccination booster. On day 14 post-booster, a third dose booster of the ZF2001 provided a substantial increase in antibody responses in minors, and the overall occurrence rate of adverse reactions after heterologous vaccination was low and all adverse reactions were mild or moderate. The results showed that the ZF2001 heterologous booster had high immunogenicity and good safety profile in children and adolescents, and can elicit a certain level of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron. Trial registration NCT05895110 (Retrospectively registered, First posted in ClinicalTrials.gov date: 08/06/2023)
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlessandra Vergori, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri, Alessandro Tavelli, Valentina Mazzotta, Anna Maria Azzini, Roberta Gagliardini, Ilaria Mastrorosa, Alessandra Latini, Giovanni Pellicanò, Lucia Taramasso, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Maddalena Giannella, Evelina Tacconelli, Giulia Marchetti, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Andrea Antinori, Vax ICONA ORCHESTRA Study group
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.04.2024
Tilføjet 19.04.2024
A great body of evidence reassures on the safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with HIV (PWH), who can mount a satisfactory immune response [1] comparable to those of the general population, except for cases with a low CD4+T cell (CD4) count recovery [1]. Notwithstanding, some concerns emerged because of the possible detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on HIV viral load (VL) and CD4 and CD8 T cells, although most of the evidence is anecdotal or comes from limited case series with conflicting results [2-5].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.04.2024
Tilføjet 18.04.2024
Abstract Background Outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in health care workers (HCWs) can result in morbidity and mortality and cause significant disruptions to health care services, patients and visitors as well as an added burden on the health system. This scoping review is aimed to describe the epidemiology of VPD outbreaks in HCW, caused by diseases which are prevented by the ten vaccines recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for HCWs.Methods In April 2022 CINAHL, MEDLINE, Global Health and EMBASE were searched for all articles reporting on VPD outbreaks in HCWs since the year 2000. Articles were included regardless of language and study type. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of VPD outbreaks were described.Results Our search found 9363 articles, of which 216 met inclusion criteria. Studies describing six of the ten VPDs were found: influenza, measles, varicella, tuberculosis, pertussis and rubella. Most articles (93%) were from high- and upper middle-income countries. While most outbreaks occurred in hospitals, several influenza outbreaks were reported in long term care facilities. Based on available data, vaccination rates amongst HCWs were rarely reported.Conclusion We describe several VPD outbreaks in HCWs from 2000 to April 2022. The review emphasises the need to understand the factors influencing outbreaks in HCWs and highlight importance of vaccination amongst HCWs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGonzalez-Jaramillo, N., Abbühl, D., Roa-Diaz, Z. M., Kobler-Betancourt, C., Frahsa, A.
BMJ Open, 18.04.2024
Tilføjet 18.04.2024
ObjectiveTo compare vaccination willingness before rollout and 1 year post-rollout uptake among the general population and under-resourced communities in high-income countries. DesignA realist review. Data sourcesEmbase, PubMed, Dimensions ai and Google Scholar. SettingHigh-income countries. DefinitionsWe defined vaccination willingness as the proportion of participants willing or intending to receive vaccines prior to availability. We defined vaccine uptake as the real proportion of the population with complete vaccination as reported by each country until November 2021. ResultsWe included data from 62 studies and 18 high-income countries. For studies conducted among general populations, the proportion of vaccination willingness was 67% (95% CI 62% to 72%). In real-world settings, the overall proportion of vaccine uptake among those countries was 73% (95% CI 69% to 76%). 17 studies reported pre-rollout willingness for under-resourced communities. The summary proportion of vaccination willingness from studies reporting results among people from under-resourced communities was 52% (95% CI 0.46% to 0.57%). Real-world evidence about vaccine uptake after rollout among under-resourced communities was limited. ConclusionOur review emphasises the importance of realist reviews for assessing vaccine acceptance. Limited real-world evidence about vaccine uptake among under-resourced communities in high-income countries is a call to context-specific actions and reporting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSiti Nur Aisyah Zaid, Azidah Abdul Kadir, Norhayati Mohd Noor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Anis Safura Ramli, Jasy Liew Suet Yan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
by Siti Nur Aisyah Zaid, Azidah Abdul Kadir, Norhayati Mohd Noor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Anis Safura Ramli, Jasy Liew Suet Yan Introduction Healthcare workers play a crucial role in supporting COVID-19 vaccination as they are the most trusted source of information to the public population. Assessing the healthcare workers’ hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination is pertinent, however, there are limited validated tools to measure their hesitancy on COVID-19 vaccines. This study aims to adapt and validate the first COVID-19 hesitancy scale among healthcare workers in Malaysia. Materials and methods This study adapted and translated the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) developed by the WHO SAGE Working Group. The scale underwent a sequential validation process, including back-back translation, content, face, and construct validity for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The reliability was tested using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE)). Results The data for EFA and CFA were completed by a separate sample of 125 and 300 HCWs, respectively. The EFA analysis of the C19-VHS-M scale was unidimensional with 10 items. A further CFA analysis revealed a uniform set of nine items with acceptable goodness fit indices (comparative fit index = 0.997, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.995, incremental fit index = 0.997, chi-squared/degree of freedom = 1.352, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.034). The Cronbach’s alpha, CR and AVE results were 0.953, 0.95 and 0.70, respectively. Conclusions The questionnaire was valid and reliable for use in the Malay language.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
Abstract Background Malaria remains a significant global health burden affecting millions of people, children under 5 years and pregnant women being most vulnerable. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed the introduction of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine as Phase IV implementation evaluation in three countries: Malawi, Kenya and Ghana. Acceptability and factors influencing vaccination coverage in implementing areas is relatively unknown. In Malawi, only 60% of children were fully immunized with malaria vaccine in Nsanje district in 2021, which is below 80% WHO target. This study aimed at exploring factors influencing uptake of malaria vaccine and identify approaches to increase vaccination. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted in April–May, 2023, 410 mothers/caregivers with children aged 24–36 months were selected by stratified random sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Vaccination data was collected from health passports, for those without health passports, data was collected using recall history. Regression analyses were used to test association between independent variables and full uptake of malaria vaccine. Results Uptake of malaria vaccine was 90.5% for dose 1, but reduced to 87.6%, 69.5% and 41.2% for dose 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Children of caregivers with secondary or upper education and those who attended antenatal clinic four times or more had increased odds of full uptake of malaria vaccine [OR: 2.43, 95%CI 1.08–6.51 and OR: 1.89, 95%CI 1.18–3.02], respectively. Children who ever suffered side-effects following immunization and those who travelled long distances to reach the vaccination centre had reduced odds of full uptake of malaria vaccine [OR: 0.35, 95%CI 0.06–0.25 and OR: 0.30, 95%CI 0.03–0.39] respectively. Only 17% (n = 65) of mothers/caregivers knew the correct schedule for vaccination and 38.5% (n = 158) knew the correct number of doses a child was to receive. Conclusion Only RTS,S dose 1 and 2 uptake met WHO coverage targets. Mothers/caregivers had low level of information regarding malaria vaccine, especially on numbers of doses to be received and dosing schedule. The primary modifiable factor influencing vaccine uptake was mother/caregiver knowledge about the vaccine. Thus, to increase the uptake Nsanje District Health Directorate should strengthen communities’ education about malaria vaccine. Programmes to strengthen mother/caregiver knowledge should be included in scale-up of the vaccine in Malawi and across sub-Saharan Africa.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
Abstract Background Observational evidence suggests the 4CMenB meningococcal vaccine may partially protect against gonorrhea, with one dose being two-thirds as protective as two. We examined the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) in England, with one- or two-dose primary vaccination.Methods Integrated transmission-dynamic health-economic modeling explored the effects of targeting strategy, first- and second-dose uptake levels, and duration of vaccine protection, using observational estimates of vaccine protection.Results Vaccination with one or two primary doses is always cost-saving, irrespective of uptake, although vaccine sentiment is an important determinant of impact and cost-effectiveness. The most impactful and cost-effective targeting is offering “Vaccination-according-to-Risk” (VaR), to all patients with gonorrhea plus those reporting high numbers of sexual partners. If VaR is not feasible to implement then the more-restrictive strategy of “Vaccination-on-Diagnosis” (VoD) with gonorrhea is cost-effective, but much less impactful. Under conservative assumptions, VaR(2-dose) saves £7.62M(95%CrI:1.15-17.52) and gains 81.41(28.67-164.23) QALYs over 10 years; VoD(2-dose) saves £3.40M(0.48-7.71) and gains 41.26(17.52-78.25) QALYs versus no vaccination. Optimistic versus pessimistic vaccine-sentiment assumptions increase net benefits by ∼30%(VoD) or ∼60%(VaR).Conclusions At UK costs, targeted 4CMenB vaccination of MSM gains QALYs and is cost-saving at any uptake level. Promoting uptake maximizes benefits and is an important role for behavioral science.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMark Griffiths, Dunia Hatabah, Patrick Sullivan, Grace Mantus, Travis Sanchez, Maria Zlotorzynska, Stacy Heilman, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Deborah Leake, Rawan Korman, Mimi Le, Mehul Suthara, Jens Wrammert, Miriam B. Vos, Claudia R. Morris
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
Understanding the prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among frontline healthcare workers is important to inform health policy and strategy. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, children were thought to be at low risk for infection, suggesting minimal risk of work-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric healthcare workers (pHCWs). This is due to early hypotheses that children were not affected by and did not spread SARS-CoV-2 to the degree that was seen among adult patients and their caregivers [1].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMasahiko Hachiya, Emilia Vynnycky, Yoshio Mori, Hung Thai Do, Mai Kim Huynh, Long Hoang Trinh, Duy Duc Nguyen, Nhu Anh Thi Tran, Thanh Tien Hoang, Hai Hang Thi Hoang, Ngoc Dieu Thi Vo, Thieu Hoang Le, Yasunori Ichimura, Shinsuke Miyano, Sumiyo Okawa, Moe Moe Thandar, Yuta Yokobori, Yosuke Inoue, Tetsuya Mizoue, Makoto Takeda, Kenichi Komada
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
Measles and rubella continue to be global public health priorities as vaccine-preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. Measles only vaccine was introduced in the 1960s, and, globally, there were an estimated 2 million measles deaths annually before vaccination coverage increased during the 1980s. In 2019, measles still caused more than 207,500 deaths globally due to repeated epidemics, and most were among children aged
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2024
Tilføjet 17.04.2024
Abstract Background Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), there have been multiple waves of infection and multiple rounds of vaccination rollouts. Both prior infection and vaccination can prevent future infection and reduce severity of outcomes, combining to form hybrid immunity against COVID-19 at the individual and population level. Here, we explore how different combinations of hybrid immunity affect the size and severity of near-future Omicron waves. Methods To investigate the role of hybrid immunity, we use an agent-based model of COVID-19 transmission with waning immunity to simulate outbreaks in populations with varied past attack rates and past vaccine coverages, basing the demographics and past histories on the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Results We find that if the past infection immunity is high but vaccination levels are low, then the secondary outbreak with the same variant can occur within a few months after the first outbreak; meanwhile, high vaccination levels can suppress near-term outbreaks and delay the second wave. Additionally, hybrid immunity has limited impact on future COVID-19 waves with immune-escape variants. Conclusions Enhanced understanding of the interplay between infection and vaccine exposure can aid anticipation of future epidemic activity due to current and emergent variants, including the likely impact of responsive vaccine interventions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 16.04.2024
Tilføjet 16.04.2024
Publication date: Available online 16 April 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Qiangru Huang, Yanxia Sun, Mengmeng Jia, Mingyue Jiang, Yunshao Xu, Luzhao Feng, Weizhong Yang
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXie, W., Xiao, J., Chen, J., Huang, H., Huang, X., He, S., Xu, L.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2024
Tilføjet 13.04.2024
IntroductionInfluenza is a major public health threat, and vaccination is the most effective prevention method. However, vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. Low health literacy regarding influenza vaccination may contribute to vaccine hesitancy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of health education interventions on influenza vaccination rates and health literacy. Methods and analysisThis cluster randomised controlled trial will enrol 3036 students in grades 4–5 from 20 primary schools in Dongguan City, China. Schools will be randomised to an intervention group receiving influenza vaccination health education or a control group receiving routine health education. The primary outcome is the influenza vaccination rate. Secondary outcomes include health literacy levels, influenza diagnosis rate, influenza-like illness incidence and vaccine protection rate. Data will be collected through questionnaires, influenza surveillance and self-reports at baseline and study conclusion. Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been sought from the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University. Findings from the study will be made accessible to both peer-reviewed journals and key stakeholders. Trial registration numberNCT06048406.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 12.04.2024
Tilføjet 12.04.2024
Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial respiratory disease. Bivalent RSV prefusion F (RSVpreF) vaccine is licensed in ≥60-year-olds. RSVpreF was well-tolerated and immunogenic in a phase 1/2 study. We evaluated antibody persistence after initial vaccination and safety and immunogenicity after revaccination from this study.Methods Healthy adults were randomized to receive both initial vaccination and revaccination 12 months later with either placebo or RSVpreF 240 µg (±Al(OH)3). RSV-A and RSV-B geometric mean neutralizing titers (GMTs) were measured through 12 months after both vaccinations. Tolerability/safety was assessed.Results There were 263 participants revaccinated (18−49-years-old, n=134; 65−85-years-old, n=129). Among 18−49-year-olds and 65−85-year-olds, respectively, geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) for both RSV subgroups (RSV-A; RSV-B) 1 month after initial RSVpreF vaccination were 13.3−20.4 and 8.9−15.5 compared with levels before initial vaccination; corresponding GMFRs 12 months after initial vaccination were 4.1−5.0 and 2.6−4.1. GMFRs 1 month after revaccination compared with levels before revaccination were 1.4−2.3 and 1.4−2.2 for 18−49-year-olds and 65−85-year-olds, respectively. Peak GMTs after revaccination were lower than those after initial vaccination. GMTs 12 months after initial vaccination and revaccination were similar, with GMFRs ranging from 0.7−1.6. No safety signals occurred.Conclusions RSVpreF revaccination was immunogenic and well-tolerated among adults. NCT03529773
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKatrina M Pollock, Álvaro H Borges, Hannah M Cheeseman, Ida Rosenkrands, Kirstine L Schmidt, Rie E Søndergaard, Suzanne Day, Abbey Evans, Leon R McFarlane, Jennifer Joypooranachandran, Fahimah Amini, Per Skallerup, Rebecca B Dohn, Charlotte G Jensen, Anja W Olsen, Peter Bang, Tom Cole, Joanna Schronce, Nana-Marie Lemm, Max P Kristiansen, Peter L Andersen, Jes Dietrich, Robin J Shattock, Frank Follmann
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12.04.2024
Tilføjet 12.04.2024
CTH522, adjuvanted with CAF01 or CAF09b, is safe and immunogenic, with 85 μg CTH522-CAF01 inducing robust serum IgG binding titres. Intradermal vaccination conferred systemic IgG neutralisation breadth, and topical ocular administration increased ocular IgA formation. These findings indicate CTH522 vaccine regimens against ocular trachoma and urogenital chlamydia for testing in phase 2, clinical trials.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlessandra Vergori, Alessandro Cozzi Lepri, Marta Chiuchiarelli, Valentina Mazzotta, Elisabetta Metafuni, Giulia Matusali, Valentina Siciliano, Jessica Paulicelli, Eleonora Alma, Agostina Siniscalchi, Simona Sica, Elisabetta Abruzzese, Massimo Fantoni, Andrea Antinori, Antonella Cingolani
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12.04.2024
Tilføjet 12.04.2024
Although the overall mortality during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants of concern (VoC) wave might be lower than that seen with other previous VoCs immunocompromised individuals remain at increased the risk of hospitalization and prolonged duration of the infection compared to the general population [1]. Moreover, persons with immunosuppression may experience reduced vaccine immune response with an impaired seroconversion and effectiveness [2]. To address the need to protect these individuals from breakthrough infections and possibly from long-lasting SARS-CoV-2 infections, in December 2021 the combination tixagevimab/cilgavimab (EvusheldTM, AstraZeneca; T/C) received the emergency use authorization (EUA) from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) at the dosage of 150/150 mg in moderate to severely immunocompromised individuals (aged 12 years or older and weighing >40 kg) who could not be vaccinated against COVID-19 or who may have had an inadequate response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.04.2024
Tilføjet 12.04.2024
Abstract Background Vaccination has been recommended as one of the approaches for the control of COVID-19 pandemic. However, adequate vaccine coverage is critical to the effectiveness of the vaccine at population level. Data on acceptability of the vaccine in Ugandan urban areas are limited. This study examined the prevalence, factors associated with willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine including reasons for not taking COVID-19 vaccine in a predominantly urban population of Wakiso, central Uganda. Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study conducted between March 1st, 2021 and September 30th, 2021 in the urban population-based cohort of the Africa Medical and behavioral Sciences Organization (AMBSO). A Multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals of willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Results A total of 1,903 participants were enrolled in this study; 61% of whom were females. About 63% of participants indicated their willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Persons aged 13–19 years (aPR = 0.79; [95% CI: 0.74, 0.84]) or 20-29years (aPR = 0.93; [95% CI: 0.88, 0.98]) were less likely to accept the vaccine compared to persons aged 40–49 years. Persons with post-primary level of education (aPR = 1.05; [95% CI: 1.02, 1.09]) were more likely to accept the vaccine compared to persons with primary level of education. Additionally, students or individuals working in government (aPR = 1.13; [95% CI: 1.04, 1.23]) were more likely to accept the vaccine compared to individuals doing construction and Mechanic work as their main occupation. Reported reasons for not taking a COVID-19 vaccine included; concerns about side effects of the vaccine 154(57.0%), 64(23.7%) did not think the vaccines were effective, while 32(11.9%) did not like the vaccines. Conclusion A substantial proportion of individuals were not willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Health education campaigns on vaccination within urban communities could help reduce COVID-19 vaccine misconceptions in the urban populations more especially the young and persons with low levels of formal education.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 11.04.2024
Tilføjet 11.04.2024
Abstract Background Although the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly efficacious at preventing severe disease in the general population, current data are lacking regarding vaccine efficacy (VE) for individuals with mild immunocompromising conditions.Methods A post-hoc, cross-protocol analysis of participant-level data from the blinded phase of four randomized, placebo-controlled, COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials (Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax) was performed. We defined a “tempered immune system” (TIS) variable via a consensus panel based on medical history and medications to determine VE against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 cases in TIS participants versus non-TIS (NTIS) individuals starting at 14 days after completion of the primary series through the blinded phase for each of the four trials. An analysis of participants living with well-controlled HIV was conducted using the same methods.Results 3,852/30,351 (12.7%) Moderna participants, 3,088/29,868 (10.3%) Novavax participants, 3,549/32,380 (11.0%) AstraZeneca participants, and 5,047/43,788 (11.5%) Janssen participants were identified as having a TIS. Most TIS conditions (73.9%) were due to metabolism and nutritional disorders. Vaccination (versus placebo) significantly reduced the likelihood of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 for all participants for each trial. VE was not significantly different for TIS participants vs NTIS for either symptomatic or severe COVID-19 for each trial, nor was VE significantly different in the symptomatic endpoint for participants with HIV.Conclusions For individuals with mildly immunocompromising conditions, there is no evidence of differences in VE against symptomatic or severe COVID-19 compared to those with non-tempered immune systems in the four COVID-19 vaccine randomized controlled efficacy trials.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHong-Xing Pan, Ling-Xian Qiu, Qi Liang, Zhen Chen, Ming-Lei Zhang, Sheng Liu, Guo-Hua Zhong, Kong-Xin Zhu, Meng-Jun Liao, Jia-Lei Hu, Jia-Xue Li, Jin-Bo Xu, Yong Fan, Yue Huang, Ying-Ying Su, Shou-Jie Huang, Wei Wang, Jin-Le Han, Ji-Zong Jia, Hua Zhu, Tong Cheng, Xiang-Zhong Ye, Chang-Gui Li, Ting Wu, Feng-Cai Zhu, Jun Zhang, Ning-Shao Xia
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11.04.2024
Tilføjet 11.04.2024
The three dose groups of the candidate v7D vaccine exhibit similar humoral immunogenicity to the vOka vaccine and are well tolerated. These findings encourage further investigations on two-dose vaccination schedules, efficacy, and the potential safety benefit of v7D vaccine in the future.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 10.04.2024
Tilføjet 10.04.2024
To the Editor—We read with great interest the results of the analysis by Harteloh et al [1], who concluded that the death rate in The Netherlands from the 1918–1920 Spanish flu was more than twice as high as the death rate for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020–2022 (ie, 214 vs 98 per 100 000 per year exposure). This is not surprising as the pathogen responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic (ie, influenza virus A/H1N1) was very aggressive, hit a nearly naive population with no prior immunity, and evolved at a time when healthcare and economic resources were extremely limited compared to recent times. To determine whether similar evidence could be replicated in other countries, we used statistics on the total resident population and the number of deaths from the Spanish flu in 1918–1920 [2] and from COVID-19 in 2020 [3] (ie, before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination at the end of December 2020) in Italy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 10.04.2024
Tilføjet 10.04.2024
Abstract Background Warfare has long impeded vaccination programs in polio-endemic Afghanistan. We aimed to describe progress in access to children under 5, oral polio vaccine (OPV) coverage among children under 5 in nationwide polio campaigns, and polio surveillance performance indicators after the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed to Taliban forces in August 2021.Methods Trends in the number of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) cases and surveillance indicators from 2015 to 2023, and trends in the OPV coverage in the November 2020–June 2022 polio campaigns, were described.Results From 2015 to mid-July 2020, 74 of 126 (58.7%) WPV1 cases were reported from inaccessible areas. In November 2020, 34.1% of target children under 5 were inaccessible; in November 2021 (the first postchange polio campaign), all were accessible. From November 2020, under-5 OPV coverage of 69.9% rose steadily to 99.9% in the May 2022 campaign. The number of cVDPV cases fell from 308 (2020) to zero (2022). June 2022\'s house-to-house OPV coverage was 34.2% higher than non–house-to-house modalities. Nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis and stool adequacy rates rose from 18.5/100 000 and 92.6% in 2020 to 24.3/100 000 and 94.4% in 2022, respectively.Conclusions Children\'s inaccessibility no longer vitiates polio eradication; polio surveillance systems are less likely to miss any poliovirus circulation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 10.04.2024
Tilføjet 10.04.2024
Abstract The association between granulomas and vaccine-derived rubella virus (VDRV) in people with primary immune deficiencies (PID) has raised concerns about the ability of immunoglobulin (IG) preparations to neutralize VDRVs. We investigated the capacity of IG to neutralize rubella vaccine virus and four VDRV strains. As expected, the rubella vaccine virus itself was potently neutralized by IG preparations; however, the VDRV isolates from patients after intra-host evolution, 2-6 times less so. Diagnosis of immune deficiencies before possible live-virus vaccination is thus of critical importance, while IG replacement therapy can be expected to provide protection from rubella virus infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSurasith Chaithonwongwatthana, Wassana Wijagkanalan, Nasamon Wanlapakorn, Librada Fortuna, Vilasinee Yuwaree, Chawanee Kerdsomboon, Indrajeet Kumar Poredi, Souad Mansouri, Pham Hong Thai, Yong Poovorawan
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.04.2024
Tilføjet 10.04.2024
Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that poses a significant risk to young infants, resulting in both severe morbidity and mortality [1]. Among infants with pertussis, approximately 4% of cases are fatal. Dramatic decreases in pediatric pertussis cases and deaths have resulted from infant vaccination programs, which include whole-cell vaccines based on killed B. pertussis and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines using highly purified B. pertussis antigens [1].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFreitas, C. L., Sarmento, A. C. A., Serquiz, N., Nobre, M. L., Costa, A. P. F., Medeiros, K. S., Goncalves, A. K.
BMJ Open, 10.04.2024
Tilføjet 10.04.2024
IntroductionThe paediatric population represents a quarter of the world’s population, and like adult patients, they have also suffered immeasurably from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Immunisation is an effective strategy for reducing the number of COVID-19 cases. With the advancements in vaccination for younger age groups, parents or guardians have raised doubts and questions about adverse effects and the number of doses required. Therefore, systematic reviews focusing on this population are needed to consolidate evidence that can help in decision-making and clinical practice. This protocol aims to assess the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in paediatric patients and evaluate the correlation between the number of vaccine doses and side effects. Methods and analysisWe will search the PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Scopus and Cochrane databases for randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials that list the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine and assess its correlation with the number of doses, without any language restrictions. Two reviewers will select the studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extract data and asses for risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The Review Software Manager (RevMan V.5.4.1) will be used to synthesise the data. We will use the Working Group’s Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations to grade the strength of the evidence of the results. Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as no primary data are collected. This systematic review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023390077.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 9.04.2024
Tilføjet 9.04.2024
Abstract The impact of vaccine-induced immune responses on host metabolite availability has not been well studied. Here we show prior vaccination alters the metabolic profile of mice challenged with Brucella melitensis. In particular, glucose levels were reduced in vaccinated mice in an antibody-dependent manner. We also found the glucose transporter gene, gluP, plays a lesser role in B. melitensis virulence in vaccinated wild-type mice relative to vaccinated mice unable to secrete antibodies. These data indicate vaccine-elicited antibodies protect the host in part by restricting glucose availability. Moreover, Brucella and other pathogens may need to employ different metabolic strategies in vaccinated hosts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Abstract Background With COVID-19 vaccination no longer mandated by many businesses/organizations, it is now up to individuals to decide whether to get any new boosters/updated vaccines going forward.Methods We developed a Markov model representing the potential clinical/economic outcomes from an individual perspective in the United States of getting versus not getting an annual COVID-19 vaccine.Results For an 18-49-year-old, getting vaccinated at its current price ($60) can save the individual on average $30-$603 if the individual is uninsured and $4-$437 if the individual has private insurance, as long as the starting vaccine efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is ≥50% and the weekly risk of getting infected is ≥0.2%, corresponding to an individual interacting with 9 other people in a day under Winter 2023-2024 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant conditions with an average infection prevalence of 10%. For a 50-64-year-old, these cost-savings increase to $111-$1,278 and $119-$1,706, for someone without and with insurance, respectively. The risk threshold increases to ≥0.4% (interacting with 19 people/day), when the individual has 13.4% pre-existing protection against infection (e.g., vaccinated 9 months earlier).Conclusion There is both clinical and economic incentive for the individual to continue to get vaccinated against COVID-19 each year.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCatarina Krug, Emilie Chazelle, Arnaud Tarantola, Harold Noël, Guillaume Spaccaferri, Isabelle Parent du Châtelet, Laura Zanetti, Hana Lahbib, Myriam Fayad, Florence Lot, Henriette De Valk, Didier Che, Bruno Coignard, Alexandra Mailles, Anne-Sophie Barret, Investigation Team (alphabetically)
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
The aim was to estimate the effect of reported history of smallpox vaccination prior to 1980 on clinical expression of mpox.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 6.04.2024
Tilføjet 6.04.2024
Abstract Background Bloodstream infections (BSI) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. The purpose of the current study was to establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections at Children’s Medical Center Hospital (CMC), Tehran, Iran. Methods We retrospectively recorded all positive blood cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility of all bloodstream isolates among children admitted to CMC, during 5 years. Specimen culture, bacterial identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed according to standard laboratory methods. Results From 3,179 pathogens isolated from the blood cultures 2,824 bacteria were cultured, with 1,312 cases being identified as Gram-positive bacteria (46%) and 1,512 cases as Gram-negative bacteria (54%). The most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (n = 266, 17.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 242, 16%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 204, 13.5%), Enterobacter spp. (n = 164, 10.8%), Escherichia coli (n = 159, 10.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 126, 8.3%), Serratia marcescens (n = 121, 8%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 73, 4.8%). The most common Gram-positive bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (n = 697, 53%), Streptococcus spp. (n = 237, 18%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 202, 15%) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 167, 12.7%). 34% of bacterial strains were isolated from ICUs. The rates of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and CONS were 34% and 91%, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to cefotaxime (84%). All isolates of K. pneumoniae were susceptible to colistin and 56% were susceptible to imipenem. P. aeruginosa isolates showed high susceptibility to all antibiotics. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need of clinicians having access to up-to-date bacterial susceptibility data for routinely prescribed drugs. Continuous monitoring of changes in bacterial resistance will aid in the establishment of national priorities for local intervention initiatives in Iran. The increased risk of BSI caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms, emphasizes the significance of implementing appropriate antibiotic prescribing regulations and developing innovative vaccination techniques in Iran.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMuluken Chanie Agimas, Aysheshim Kassahun Belew, Mekonnen Sisay, Lemlem Daniel Baffa, Moges Gashaw, Zufan Yiheyis Abriham, Esmael Ali Muhammad, Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw, Berhanu Mengistu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
by Muluken Chanie Agimas, Aysheshim Kassahun Belew, Mekonnen Sisay, Lemlem Daniel Baffa, Moges Gashaw, Zufan Yiheyis Abriham, Esmael Ali Muhammad, Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw, Berhanu Mengistu Background Timely vaccination is the practice of administering the vaccine within the first birthday of the child. Not vaccinating the child at the appropriate age is the cause of improper protection of diseases and can be a possible factor in death. The problem of not completing the vaccine in the scheduled period is a globally distributed problem, but especially in sub-Saharan African countries, it is a bottleneck to child health. Even if timely vaccination is crucial for reducing the impact of VPDs, there are no current national-level studies to generate conclusive and tangible evidence in Ethiopia. Objective To assess spatial variations and determinants of timely completion of vaccination in Ethiopia using further analysis of EDHS 2019 data. Method The secondary data analysis of a community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 3094 participants. Stata-14 software was used for data cleaning, recording, and analysis. Arc GIS version 10.3 and Kuldorff SAT scan version 9.6 software are used for spatial and SAT scan statistics. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of timely vaccination. The clustering effect was also evaluated by Moran’s I statistics and intra class correlation. Results The timely completion of vaccination among Ethiopian women who had a child aged 12–35 months was 19.5% (95%CI: 18.2–20.8), and the spatial distribution of timely completion of vaccinations in Ethiopia was non-randomly distributed. A statistically significant high proportion of timely completion areas were clustered in the eastern part of Amhara, the south part of Afar, Addis Ababa, and Oromia. The primary cluster was located at a 13.11 km radius in Diredawa, which was 3.68 times higher than outside the window (RR = 3.68, LLR = 68.76, p-value < 0.001). History of antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.3–2.04), giving birth at health facilities (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.25–2.13), age ≥ 35 years (AOR = 186, 95% CI: 1.35–2.63), age 25–34 years (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.33–2.21), and being richest (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.86–3.94) were the factors contributing to the timely completion of vaccination. Conclusion The prevalence of timely completion of vaccination was low in Ethiopia, and the spatial distribution of timely completion of vaccination in Ethiopia was non-randomly distributed across the regions. The factors associated with the timely completion of vaccinations were ANC follow-up, place of delivery, age of the participant, and wealth index. We recommend expanding facility delivery, antenatal care services, and empowering women to scale up timely vaccination in Ethiopia.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHinh Ly
Journal of Medical Virology, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
Julien Favresse, Constant Gillot, Julien Cabo, Clara David, Jean-Michel Dogné, Jonathan Douxfils
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
An increase evasion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus towards vaccination strategies and natural immunity has been rapidly described notably due to mutations in the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD)C.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDalila Mele, Sabrina Ottolini, Andrea Lombardi, Daniela Conteianni, Alessandra Bandera, Barbara Oliviero, Stefania Mantovani, Irene Cassaniti, Fausto Baldanti, Andrea Gori, Mario U. Mondelli, Stefania Varchetta
Journal of Medical Virology, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Yong Fan, Siyuan Huang, Duo Wu, Ming Chu, Juan Zhao, Jiaying Zhang, Yu Wang, Yanni Gui, Xiaofei Ye, Guiqiang Wang, Yan Geng, Yuedan Wang, Zhuoli Zhang
Journal of Medical Virology, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Enforcing strict protocols that prevent transmission of airborne infections in prisons is challenging. We examine a large SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a Catalan penitentiary center from February-March 2021, prior to vaccination deployment. The aim was to describe the evolution of the outbreak using classical and genomic epidemiology and the containment strategy applied. The outbreak was initially detected in one module but spread to four, infecting 7 staff members and 140 incarcerated individuals, 6 of whom were hospitalized (4.4%). Genomic analysis confirmed a single origin (B.1.1.7). Contact tracing identified transmission vectors between modules and prevented further viral spread. In future similar scenarios, the control strategy described here may help limiting transmission of airborne infections in correctional settings.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract An upcoming trial may provide further evidence that adolescent/adult-targeted BCG revaccination prevents sustained Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but its public health value depends on its impact on overall tuberculosis morbidity and mortality, which will remain unknown. Using previously calibrated models for India and South Africa, we simulated BCG revaccination assuming 45% prevention-of-infection efficacy, and we evaluated scenarios varying additional prevention-of-disease efficacy between +50% (reducing risk) and −50% (increasing risk). Given the assumed prevention-of-infection efficacy and range in prevention-of-disease efficacy, BCG revaccination may have a positive health impact and be cost-effective. This may be useful when considering future evaluations and implementation of adolescent/adult BCG revaccination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDagfinn Lunde Markussen, Øyvind Kommedal, Siri Tandberg Knoop, Marit Helen Ebbesen, Rune Oskar Bjørneklett, Christian Ritz, Lars Heggelund, Elling Ulvestad, Sondre Serigstad, Harleen M.S. Grewal
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) impacts global health, affecting all demographic groups but posing a severe threat to the elderly and individuals with underlying health conditions [1,2]. Historically, Streptococcus pneumoniae were considered the primary cause of CAP [3]. Infectious diseases, however, are ever-changing, influenced by demographic shifts, behavioural changes, and vaccination programs, necessitating updated re-evaluation of CAP aetiology [4–6]. Additionally, there is a complex interplay between viral epidemics and bacterial infections, which can influence the incidence and severity of CAP [7].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background Bloodstream infections (BSI) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. The purpose of the current study was to establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections at Children’s Medical Center Hospital (CMC), Tehran, Iran. Methods We retrospectively recorded all positive blood cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility of all bloodstream isolates among children admitted to CMC, during 5 years. Specimen culture, bacterial identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed according to standard laboratory methods. Results From 3,179 pathogens isolated from the blood cultures 2,824 bacteria were cultured, with 1,312 cases being identified as Gram-positive bacteria (46%) and 1,512 cases as Gram-negative bacteria (54%). The most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (n = 266, 17.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 242, 16%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 204, 13.5%), Enterobacter spp. (n = 164, 10.8%), Escherichia coli (n = 159, 10.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 126, 8.3%), Serratia marcescens (n = 121, 8%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 73, 4.8%). The most common Gram-positive bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (n = 697, 53%), Streptococcus spp. (n = 237, 18%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 202, 15%) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 167, 12.7%). 34% of bacterial strains were isolated from ICUs. The rates of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and CONS were 34% and 91%, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to cefotaxime (84%). All isolates of K. pneumoniae were susceptible to colistin and 56% were susceptible to imipenem. P. aeruginosa isolates showed high susceptibility to all antibiotics. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need of clinicians having access to up-to-date bacterial susceptibility data for routinely prescribed drugs. Continuous monitoring of changes in bacterial resistance will aid in the establishment of national priorities for local intervention initiatives in Iran. The increased risk of BSI caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms, emphasizes the significance of implementing appropriate antibiotic prescribing regulations and developing innovative vaccination techniques in Iran.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection and the leading cause of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent HPV infection. In Zambia, the vaccine is given during Child Health Week to girls aged 14 years who are in and out of school in two doses over two years. The focus of this evaluation was to establish the cost to administer a single dose of the vaccine as well as for full immunisation of two doses. Methods This work was part of a broader study on assessing HPV programme implementation in Zambia. For HPV costing aspect of the study, with a healthcare provider perspective and reference year of 2020, both top-down and micro-costing approaches were used for financial costing, depending on the cost data source, and economic costs were gathered as secondary data from Expanded Programme for Immunisation Costing and Financing Project (EPIC), except human resource costs which were gathered as primary data using existing Ministry of Health salary scales and reported time spent by different health cadres on activities related to HPV vaccination. Data was collected from eight districts in four provinces, mainly using a structured questionnaire, document reviews and key informant interviews with staff at national, provincial, district and health facility levels. Administrative coverage rates were obtained for each district. Results Findings show that schools made up 53.3% of vaccination sites, community outreach sites 30.9% and finally health facilities 15.8%. In terms of coverage for 2020, for the eight districts sampled, schools had the highest coverage at 96.0%. Community outreach sites were at 6.0% of the coverage and health facilities accounted for only 1.0% of the coverage. School based delivery had the lowest economic cost at USD13.2 per dose and USD 28.1 per fully immunised child (FIC). Overall financial costs for school based delivery were US$6.0 per dose and US$12.4 per FIC. Overall economic costs taking all delivery models into account were US$23.0 per dose and US$47.6 per FIC. The main financial cost drivers were microplanning, supplies, service delivery/outreach and vaccine co-financing; while the main economic cost drivers were human resources, building overhead and vehicles. Nurses, environmental health technicians and community-based volunteers spent the most time on HPV related vaccination activities compared to other cadres and represented the greatest human resource costs. Conclusions The financial cost of HPV vaccination in Zambia aligns favourably with similar studies conducted in other countries. However, the economic costs appear significantly higher than those observed in most international studies. This discrepancy underscores the substantial strain placed on healthcare resources by the program, a burden that often remains obscured. While the vaccine costs are currently subsidized through the generous support of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, it’s crucial to recognize that these expenses pose a considerable threat to long-term sustainability. Consequently, countries such as Zambia must proactively devise strategies to address this challenge.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background There is an urgent clinical need for developing novel immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy strategies against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In our previous work, immunization with a tetra-branched multiple antigenic peptide, named MAP2-3 that mimics lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of S. aureus, successfully induced a humoral immune response and protected BALB/c mice against S. aureus systemic infection. In this study, we further investigated whether vaccination with MAP2-3 can elicit immunologic memory. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with MAP2-3 five times. After one month of the last vaccination, mice were challenged with heat-killed S. aureus via intraperitoneal injection. After a 7-day inoculation, the percentage of plasma cells, memory B cells, effector memory T cells, and follicular helper T cells were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-6, IL-21, IL-2, and IFN-γ were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA. Flow cytometry results were compared by using one-way ANOVA or Mann-Whitney test, real-time PCR results were compared by using one-way ANOVA, and ELISA results were compared by using one-way ANOVA or student’s t-test. Results The percentage of plasma cells and memory B cells in the spleen and bone marrow from the MAP2-3 immunized mice was significantly higher than that from the control mice. The percentage of effector memory T cells in spleens and lymphoid nodes as well as follicular helper T cells in spleens from the MAP2-3 immunized mice were also higher. Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and IL-21, two critical cytokines for the development of memory B cells, were significantly higher in the isolated splenocytes from immunized mice after lipoteichoic acid stimulation. Conclusions Immunization with MAP2-3 can efficiently induce memory B cells and memory T cells.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGiorgia Minello, Carlo Romano Marcello Alessandro Santagiustina, Massimo Warglien
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Giorgia Minello, Carlo Romano Marcello Alessandro Santagiustina, Massimo Warglien During the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific literature related to SARS-COV-2 has been growing dramatically. These literary items encompass a varied set of topics, ranging from vaccination to protective equipment efficacy as well as lockdown policy evaluations. As a result, the development of automatic methods that allow an in-depth exploration of this growing literature has become a relevant issue, both to identify the topical trends of COVID-related research and to zoom-in on its sub-themes. This work proposes a novel methodology, called LDA2Net, which combines topic modelling and network analysis, to investigate topics under their surface. More specifically, LDA2Net exploits the frequencies of consecutive words pairs (i.e. bigram) to build those network structures underlying the hidden topics extracted from large volumes of text by Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Results are promising and suggest that the topic model efficacy is magnified by the network-based representation. In particular, such enrichment is noticeable when it comes to displaying and exploring the topics at different levels of granularity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOgutu, E. A., Ellis, A. S., Hester, K. A., Rodriguez, K., Sakas, Z., Jaishwal, C., Yang, C., Dixit, S., Bose, A. S., Sarr, M., Kilembe, W., Bednarczyk, R., Freeman, M. C.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
ObjectivesCommunity health workers are essential to front-line health outreach throughout low-income and middle-income countries, including programming for early childhood immunisation. Understanding how community health workers are engaged for successful early childhood vaccination among countries who showed success in immunisation coverage would support evidence-based policy guidance across contexts. DesignWe employed a multiple case study design using qualitative research methods. SettingWe conducted research in Nepal, Senegal and Zambia. ParticipantsWe conducted 207 interviews and 71 focus group discussions with 678 participants at the national, regional, district, health facility and community levels of the health systems of Nepal, Senegal and Zambia, from October 2019 to April 2021. We used thematic analysis to investigate contributing factors of community health worker programming that supported early childhood immunisation within each country and across contexts. ResultsImplementation of vaccination programming relied principally on the (1) organisation, (2) motivation and (3) trust of community health workers. Organisation was accomplished by expanding cadres of community health workers to carry out their roles and responsibilities related to vaccination. Motivation was supported by intrinsic and extrinsic incentives. Trust was expressed by communities due to community health worker respect and value placed on their work. ConclusionImprovements in immunisation coverage was facilitated by community health worker organisation, motivation and trust. With the continued projection of health worker shortages, especially in low-income countries, community health workers bridged the equity gap in access to vaccination services by enabling wider reach to underserved populations. Although improvements in vaccination programming were seen in all three countries—including government commitment to addressing human resource deficits, training and remuneration; workload, inconsistency in compensation, training duration and scope, and supervision remain major challenges to immunisation programming. Health decision-makers should consider organisation, motivation and trust of community health workers to improve the implementation of immunisation programming.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Background After months of few mpox cases, an increased number of cases were reported in Chicago during May 2023; predominantly among fully vaccinated patients. We investigated the outbreak scope, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, and hypotheses for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection after vaccination.Methods We interviewed patients and reviewed medical records to assess demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics, mpox vaccine status, and vaccine administration routes. We evaluated serum antibody levels after infection and compared patient viral genomes with MPXV sequences in available databases. We discussed potential vaccine compromise with partners who manufactured, handled, and administered vaccine associated with breakthrough infections.Results During March 18–June 27, 2023, we identified 49 mpox cases; 57% of these mpox patients were fully vaccinated (FV). FV patients received both JYNNEOS doses subcutaneously (57%), intradermally (7%), or via heterologous administration (36%). FV patients had more median sex partners (3, IQR=1-4) versus not fully vaccinated (NFV) patients (1, IQR=1-2). Thirty-six of 37 sequenced specimens belonged to lineage B.1.20 of clade IIb MPXV, which did not demonstrate any amino acid changes relative to B.1, the predominant lineage from May 2022. Vaccinated patients demonstrated expected humoral antibody responses; none were hospitalized. No vaccine storage excursions were identified. Approximately 63% of people at risk for mpox in Chicago were FV during this period.Conclusions Our investigation indicated cases were likely due to frequent behaviors associated with mpox transmission, even with relatively high vaccine effectiveness and vaccine coverage. Cases after vaccination might occur in similar populations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Background Research on influenza burden in adults has focused on crude subgroups with cut-points at 65-years, limiting insight into how burden varies with increasing age. This study describes the incidence of influenza-related outpatient visits, emergency room (ER) visits, and hospitalizations, along with healthcare resource use and complications in the aging adult population.Methods Individuals ≥18 years of age in the United States were evaluated retrospectively in five seasonal cohorts (2015–2020 seasons) in strata of age with 5-year increments. Person-level electronic medical records linked to pharmacy and medical claims were used to ascertain patient characteristics and outcomes. Influenza-related medical encounters were identified based on diagnostic codes (ICD-10 codes J09*–J11*).Results Incidence of influenza-related outpatient visits was highest among people aged 18–34 years and declined with increasing age. For ER visits, incidence tended to be elevated for people aged 18–34 years, relatively stable from 35 through 60, and increased rapidly after 60. Hospitalization incidence remained relatively stable until about 50 years of age and then increased with age. One in three patients was diagnosed with pneumonia after hospitalization, regardless of age. Across seasons, age groups, and clinical settings, on average, 40.8% of individuals were prescribed antivirals and 17.2% antibiotics.Conclusions Incidence of influenza-related hospitalizations begins to increase around age 50 rather than the more common cut-point of 65, whereas incidence of outpatient visits was highest among younger adults. Influenza infections frequently led to antiviral and antibiotic prescriptions, underscoring the role influenza vaccination can play in combating antimicrobial resistance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection and the leading cause of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent HPV infection. In Zambia, the vaccine is given during Child Health Week to girls aged 14 years who are in and out of school in two doses over two years. The focus of this evaluation was to establish the cost to administer a single dose of the vaccine as well as for full immunisation of two doses. Methods This work was part of a broader study on assessing HPV programme implementation in Zambia. For HPV costing aspect of the study, with a healthcare provider perspective and reference year of 2020, both top-down and micro-costing approaches were used for financial costing, depending on the cost data source, and economic costs were gathered as secondary data from Expanded Programme for Immunisation Costing and Financing Project (EPIC), except human resource costs which were gathered as primary data using existing Ministry of Health salary scales and reported time spent by different health cadres on activities related to HPV vaccination. Data was collected from eight districts in four provinces, mainly using a structured questionnaire, document reviews and key informant interviews with staff at national, provincial, district and health facility levels. Administrative coverage rates were obtained for each district. Results Findings show that schools made up 53.3% of vaccination sites, community outreach sites 30.9% and finally health facilities 15.8%. In terms of coverage for 2020, for the eight districts sampled, schools had the highest coverage at 96.0%. Community outreach sites were at 6.0% of the coverage and health facilities accounted for only 1.0% of the coverage. School based delivery had the lowest economic cost at USD13.2 per dose and USD 28.1 per fully immunised child (FIC). Overall financial costs for school based delivery were US$6.0 per dose and US$12.4 per FIC. Overall economic costs taking all delivery models into account were US$23.0 per dose and US$47.6 per FIC. The main financial cost drivers were microplanning, supplies, service delivery/outreach and vaccine co-financing; while the main economic cost drivers were human resources, building overhead and vehicles. Nurses, environmental health technicians and community-based volunteers spent the most time on HPV related vaccination activities compared to other cadres and represented the greatest human resource costs. Conclusions The financial cost of HPV vaccination in Zambia aligns favourably with similar studies conducted in other countries. However, the economic costs appear significantly higher than those observed in most international studies. This discrepancy underscores the substantial strain placed on healthcare resources by the program, a burden that often remains obscured. While the vaccine costs are currently subsidized through the generous support of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, it’s crucial to recognize that these expenses pose a considerable threat to long-term sustainability. Consequently, countries such as Zambia must proactively devise strategies to address this challenge.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Background There is an urgent clinical need for developing novel immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy strategies against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In our previous work, immunization with a tetra-branched multiple antigenic peptide, named MAP2-3 that mimics lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of S. aureus, successfully induced a humoral immune response and protected BALB/c mice against S. aureus systemic infection. In this study, we further investigated whether vaccination with MAP2-3 can elicit immunologic memory. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with MAP2-3 five times. After one month of the last vaccination, mice were challenged with heat-killed S. aureus via intraperitoneal injection. After a 7-day inoculation, the percentage of plasma cells, memory B cells, effector memory T cells, and follicular helper T cells were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-6, IL-21, IL-2, and IFN-γ were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA. Flow cytometry results were compared by using one-way ANOVA or Mann-Whitney test, real-time PCR results were compared by using one-way ANOVA, and ELISA results were compared by using one-way ANOVA or student’s t-test. Results The percentage of plasma cells and memory B cells in the spleen and bone marrow from the MAP2-3 immunized mice was significantly higher than that from the control mice. The percentage of effector memory T cells in spleens and lymphoid nodes as well as follicular helper T cells in spleens from the MAP2-3 immunized mice were also higher. Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and IL-21, two critical cytokines for the development of memory B cells, were significantly higher in the isolated splenocytes from immunized mice after lipoteichoic acid stimulation. Conclusions Immunization with MAP2-3 can efficiently induce memory B cells and memory T cells.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 2.04.2024
Tilføjet 2.04.2024
Abstract Background Evaluation of the impact on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of a HBV-prevention program that incorporates maternal antiviral prophylaxis is hindered by the limited availability of real-world data.Methods This study analyzed data on maternal HBV screening, neonatal immunization, and post-vaccination serologic testing (PVST) for HBsAg among at-risk infants born to HBV carrier mothers from the National Immunization Information System during 01/01/2008–31/12/2022. Through linkage with the National Health Insurance Database, information of maternal antiviral therapy was obtained. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore MTCT risk in relation to infant-mother characteristics and prevention strategies.Results Totally, 2,460,218 deliveries with maternal HBV status were screened. Between 2008 and 2022, the annual HBsAg and HBeAg seropositivity rates among native pregnant women aged 15–49 years decreased from 12.2% to 2.6% and from 2.7% to 0.4%, respectively (p for both trends < 0.0001). Among the 22,859 at-risk infants undergoing PVST, the MTCT rates differed between infants born to HBsAg-positive/HBeAg-negative and HBeAg-positive mothers (0.75% and 6.33%, respectively; p < 0.001). The MTCT rate was 1.72% (11/641) for infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers with antiviral prophylaxis. MTCT risk increased with maternal HBeAg-positivity (OR 9.29, 6.79–12.73) and decreased with maternal antiviral prophylaxis (OR 0.28, 0.16–0.49). For infants with maternal HBeAg-positivity, MTCT risk was associated with mothers born in the immunization era (OR 1.40, 1.17–1.67).Conclusions MTCT was related to maternal HBeAg-positivity and effectively prevented by maternal prophylaxis in the immunized population. At-risk infants born to maternal vaccinated cohorts might possibly pose further risk.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKuo‐Chuan Hung, Ting‐Sian Yu, Kuei‐Fen Wang, I‐Wen Chen
Journal of Medical Virology, 2.04.2024
Tilføjet 2.04.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1.04.2024
Tilføjet 1.04.2024
Abstract Background H56:IC31 is a candidate vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) with the potential to reduce TB recurrence rate. It is thus important for future clinical trials to demonstrate safety and immunogenicity of H56:IC31 in individuals treated for TB.Methods 22 adults confirmed to be Mtb negative (by 2 GeneXpert tests or 2 sputum cultures) after four-five months of TB treatment, and not more than 28 days after completion of TB treatment, were randomized to receive two doses of H56:IC31 (5 mg H56:500 nmol IC31; N=16) or placebo (N=6) 56 days apart. Participants were followed for 420 days for safety and immunogenicity.Results H56:IC31 vaccination was associated with an acceptable safety profile, consisting mostly of mild self-limited injection site reactions. No serious adverse events, and no vaccine-related severe adverse events, were reported. H56:IC31 induced a CD4+ T-cell response for Ag85B and ESAT-6, with ESAT-6 being immunodominant, which persisted through six months after the last vaccination. There was some evidence of CD8+ T-cell responses for both Ag85B and ESAT-6, but to a lesser extent than CD4+ responses.Conclusions H56:IC31 was associated with an acceptable safety profile, and induced a predominant CD4+ T-cell response, in adults recently treated for drug-susceptible, uncomplicated pulmonary TB.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02375698
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 30.03.2024
Tilføjet 30.03.2024
Abstract Background The burden of cervical cancer in Ghana is high due to a lack of a national screening and vaccination program. Geographical variations in high-risk Human Papilloma Virus incidence and type should be considered for vaccine improvement and screening in LMICs. Methods A descriptive, multi-center cross-sectional study with purposive sampling of cases with cervical cancer diagnosed from January 2012 through to December 2018 was employed relying on archived Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissues from four (4) Teaching Hospitals. Cervical cancers were assessed for histopathological features following WHO guidelines. In addition, the novel Tumour Budding and Nest Size Grade (TBNS) for SCC, SILVA pattern of invasion for EAC and Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) were assessed. High Risk HPV testing was performed using an isothermal, multiplex nucleic acid amplification method from ATILA biosystem (Mountain View California, USA). The FFPE blocks were tested for 15 hrHPV genotypes. Results were analyzed using SPSS v.26.0, with descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation and chi-square tests done with significance established at p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 30.03.2024
Tilføjet 30.03.2024
Abstract Background The prevalence and distinction between first Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and reinfection with the Omicron variant among healthcare workers (HCWs) remain unclear. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at a hospital in Southern China. The study included 262 HCWs who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 between April and June 2023, with 101 cases of first infection and 161 ones of reinfection. Student’s t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney U tests were used based on the distribution of quantitative variables. Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used based on the expected frequencies of categorical variables. Results The reinfection rate among HCWs was 11.5% (161/1406). The majority of the infected HCWs were female (212/262, 80.9%, first infection vs. reinfection: 76.2% vs. 83.9%). The nursing staff, had the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infection (42.0%), especially of its reinfection (47.8%). Out of the 262 infected individuals, 257 had received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, primarily inactivated vaccines (243/257, 91.1%). The first infection group, which received four doses (24, 23.8%), was significantly higher than that in the reinfection group (6, 3.7%) (P
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