Nyt fra tidsskrifterne
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Ingen søgeord valgt.
34 emner vises.
Parikshit S. Prayag, Shweta P. Panchakshari, Namita P. Mahalle, Surabhi Dhupad, Sampada A. Patwardhan, Sadanand S. Naik, Sharwari Narawade, Sameer Melinkeri, Amrita P. Prayag
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Posaconazole is a broad spectrum triazole antifungal with activity against various clinically important fungi. The delayed release (DR) tablet of posaconazole has been shown to have a superior pharmacokinetic profile in comparison with the oral suspension.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSazaly AbuBakar, Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Randee Kastner, Louisa Oliver, Shi Hao Lim, Riona Hanley, Elaine Gallagher
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by four distinct, but closely related dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (WHO, 2020). Dengue is endemic in Malaysia and continues to be a serious public health threat since its first reported major outbreak in 1902 (Abubakar and Shafee, 2002).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIppazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Carla Fornari, Davide Rozza, Sara Conti, Raffaella di Pasquale, Paolo Cortesi, Shaniko Kaleci, Pietro Ferrara, Alberto Zucchi, Giovanni Maifredi, Andrea Silenzi, Giancarlo Cesana, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Giampiero Mazzaglia
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
: Previous studies ruled out the benefits of azithromycin for COVID-19 treatment in hospitalized patients. However, the effects of azithromycin for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients in the community is still a matter of debate. This study aimed at assessing whether azithromycin is associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization, in-hospital COVID-19 outcomes, and death when used in subjects after positive testing for SARS-CoV-2.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZoe Marjenberg, Ciara Wright, Nick Pooley, Ka Wang Cheung, Yusuke Shimakawa, Juan C. Vargas-Zambrano, Emmanuel Vidor
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection incurs a substantial burden worldwide due to the associated cost of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment (Zampino et al., 2015). Global HBV seroprevalence in 2016 was estimated to be 3.9%, with approximately 296 million people living with chronic HBV infection in 2019 and 1.5 million new infections annually (CDA Foundation Polaris Observatory, 2020; World Health Organization, 2021, 2017). In highly endemic countries, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) accounts for most new cases (Gentile and Borgia, 2014).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaartje R. Inklaar, Carolina Barillas-Mury, Matthijs M. Jore
Trends in Parasitology, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
During its life cycle, Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, is exposed to the human and mosquito complement systems. Early experiments demonstrated that activation of complement can pose a serious threat to parasites, but recent studies revealed complement-evasion mechanisms important for parasite survival. Blood-stage parasites and gametes recruit regulators to neutralize human complement activation, while ookinetes inhibit mosquito complement by disrupting epithelial nitration in response to midgut invasion.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFilipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto
Trends in Parasitology, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto (part of the R. sanguineus group) is a tick found mainly on dogs and occasionally on other hosts; for example, wild carnivores and hedgehogs are speculated to be the hosts for one or several stages of this tick. Previously thought to be distributed worldwide, current available evidence indicates that R. sanguineus s.s. is found predominantly in cold and temperate areas of the Americas (e.g., Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and the USA) and Europe (e.g., France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Switzerland).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedThe Lancet
Lancet, 10.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
From Sept 19 to 22, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria will gather international donors to replenish funding for its vital core mission towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3: ending AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and building resilient and sustainable health systems. But the global context of this replenishment is unlike any other. The COVID-19 pandemic has rendered vulnerable health systems even more fragile and derailed crucial programmes across the Global Fund's disease portfolio.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNicholas J White, James A Watson, Sophie Uyoga, Thomas N Williams, Kathryn M Maitland
Lancet, 10.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
WHO has estimated that nearly 2000 African children die each day as a result of severe falciparum malaria,1 a depressing figure that has changed little since 2015. This terrible death toll is a major justification for the substantial global investments in malaria control. Yet there is little research on severe malaria in humans. The pathobiology and clinical management of the lethal infection are seldom discussed in the interminable international meetings on malaria. The only substantial change in policies in recent years has been WHO's ill-advised and unwarranted moratorium on pre-referral rectal artesunate.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristina Yek, Sarah Warner, Alex Mancera, Sameer S Kadri
Lancet, 10.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Tommy Nyberg and colleagues1 use an unvaccinated cohort to show differences between the intrinsic severity of the omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 without confounding by pre-existing immunity. They report an 80% reduction in the severity of the omicron compared with the delta variant, suggesting the possibility of living through the COVID-19 pandemic without social and economic disruptions. However, reliance on SARS-CoV-2 test positivity to identify cases of COVID-19 and on all-cause hospitalisations and deaths as outcomes could have introduced misclassification bias and residual confounding.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTommy Nyberg, Neil M Ferguson, Joshua Blake, Wes Hinsley, Samir Bhatt, Daniela De Angelis, Simon Thelwall, Anne M Presanis
Lancet, 10.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
We thank Christina Yek and colleagues for their Correspondence regarding our Article.1 They note that people who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 generally have more severe disease than those who are infected but not tested. This finding could lead to the overestimation of absolute risks, but relative risks are not necessarily biased unless the proportion of detected severe cases differs systematically between variants. Citing modelling results that indicated a declining infection detection rate in the USA during the transition period between the dominance of the delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) variants, possibly driven by increasing proportions of undetected infections in people with non-severe disease, Yek and colleagues hypothesise a mechanism for differential detection rates: the omicron cases for which a positive test result was recorded might have included a relatively higher proportion of infected people who were prone to severe disease than the analogous delta cases—for example, because a higher proportion of people infected with the omicron variant who sought testing had comorbidity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLoren E Hernandez, Arvin Jadoo, Robert S Kirsner
Lancet, 10.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
A 37-year-old man attended our hospital with a 1-week history of fever, chills, headaches, sore throat, generalised malaise, and a rash on his arms, legs, trunk, and in his groin. The patient also reported significant pain and discomfort in his rectum when defecating. He had a history of HIV and metastatic Kaposi sarcoma; secondary syphilis, which had been treated; and hypertension. He was prescribed the following medications: emtricitabine-tenofovir, doravarine, darunavir-cobicistat, and hydrochlorothiazide.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristopher M. Richards , Sabrina Jabs , Wenjie Qiao , Lauren D. Varanese , Michaela Schweizer , Peter R. Mosen , Nicholas M. Riley , Malte Klüssendorf , James R. Zengel , Ryan A. Flynn , Arjun Rustagi , John C. Widen , Christine E. Peters , Yaw Shin Ooi , Xuping Xie , Pei-Yong Shi , Ralf Bartenschlager , Andreas S. Puschnik , Matthew Bogyo , Carolyn R. Bertozzi , Catherine A. Blish , Dominic Winter , Claude M. Nagamine , Thomas Braulke , Jan E. Carette
Science, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 9.09.2022
Morgan M. Severn, Alexander R. Horswill
Nat Rev Microbiol, 30.08.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Nature Reviews Microbiology, Published online: 30 August 2022; doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00780-3In this Review, Severn and Horswill highlight new developments in our understanding of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity, skin colonization dynamics and its multifaceted positive and negative interactions with the host and other members of the skin microbiota during skin colonization or infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAshlan J. Kunz Coyne, Mohammad Alshaer, Anthony M. Casapao, Veena Venugopalan, Carmen Isache, Jason Ferreira, Christopher A. Jankowski aUF Health Jacksonville, Department of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA bInfectious Diseases Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Floridagrid.15276.37, Gainesville, Florida, USA cUF College of Pharmacy, Jacksonville, Florida, USA dUF College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Madison R. Stock, Liwei Fang, Kaelie R. Johnson, Chance Cosgriff, Wei Ping Teoh, Francis Alonzo aDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Victor J. Torres
Infection and Immunity, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Jackson A. Campbell, Nicholas P. Cianciotto aDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Andreas J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Ivan Radević, Nikša Alfirević, Anđelko Lojpur
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Ivan Radević, Nikša Alfirević, Anđelko Lojpur
In this paper, we analyze the influence of corruption perception, experiences of corruptive behavior, and healthcare autonomy on the public trust in Montenegrin healthcare, by surveying the general population before and after the global COVID-19 pandemic. By providing a quasi-replication of a previous empirical study of corruption and trust in the Croatian public healthcare sector, we introduce the COVID-19 pandemic as a new research context. Before the pandemic, we found a consistent and significant negative influence of the corruptive practices and the generally perceived level of corruption (corruption salience) on the trust in public healthcare. The emergence of COVID-19 had mixed effects: while there is a slightly higher effect of corruption salience to the preference of public healthcare, corruptive experiences still matter but are tolerated much higher than before the pandemic. Public assessment of the autonomy of the health system increases preference for public healthcare, both before and after the pandemic, although the emergence of COVID-19 somewhat lowers this effect. The obtained results point to the most significant challenges of the ‘post-COVID-19’ social context to public health policymaking and management of public healthcare institutions. These include focusing the public healthcare reforms on corruption, reducing waiting times for different diagnostics and medical procedures in the public healthcare system, and regulating the ‘dual practice’ (simultaneous work in public and private healthcare institutions).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlireza Badirzadeh, Mehdi Najm, Andrew Hemphill, Maryam Alipour, Hamid Hasanpour, Leila Masoori, Poorya Karimi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Alireza Badirzadeh, Mehdi Najm, Andrew Hemphill, Maryam Alipour, Hamid Hasanpour, Leila Masoori, Poorya Karimi
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that causes high morbidity in the tropics and sub-tropics. Despite the remarkable advancements in the treatment of CL, the available therapeutics are far from ideal and also cause serious adverse side effects. Negative air ions (NAIs) generators are widely available for domestic and industrial uses. Several studies have reported on positive effects of NAIs therapy on human health as a non-pharmaceutical treatment for respiratory disease, allergy, or stress-related health conditions, including infectious diseases. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the effectiveness of the NAIs therapy against Leishmania parasites. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of NAIs therapy on Leishmania major (L. major) the causative agent of CL in in vitro and in a murine model. Methodology/Principal findings In vitro anti-leishmanial effects of NAIs therapy were measured by parasitological methods. NAIs therapy was assessed in vivo in L. major infected BALB/c mice by measuring the footpad (FP) lesion size and parasite load using metric caliper tool and qPCR, respectively. Immune responses in treated and non-treated mice were assessed by measuring the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, NO and arginase activity. In vitro NAIs therapy significantly decreased the viability of Leishmania promastigotes and of amastigotes cultured in macrophages, but did not affect the host cells. NAIs therapy of L. major infected BALB/c mice resulted in reduced FP lesion size, diminished parasite burden, and importantly decreased induction of IL-4 and arginase activity in the presence of NAIs. In contrast IFN-γ and NO levels were significantly enhanced. NAIs therapy significantly diminished the progression of disease compared to the control group, but was less effective than amphotericin B treatment. Conclusions Our study shows that NAIs treatment was effective in vitro and in Leishmania-infected mice, elicited a T-helper 1 (Th1) response and increased efficient cellular immunity, resulting in a diminished parasite load. Therefore, NAIs therapy can be considered as a useful and safe tool that can contribute to clearing L. major infections without inducing toxicity in host cells. The applications and mechanisms of NAIs therapy warrant further investigation especially in humans suffering from CL.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYoung Joon Moon, Kang Su Cho, Jae Yong Jeong, Doo Yong Chung, Dong Hyuk Kang, Hae Do Jung, Joo Yong Lee
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Young Joon Moon, Kang Su Cho, Jae Yong Jeong, Doo Yong Chung, Dong Hyuk Kang, Hae Do Jung, Joo Yong Lee
Purpose During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommended that courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy lasting more than 1 year could be safely terminated for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU’s COVID-19 recommendations. Materials and methods A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We conducted a network meta-analysis of recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC receiving induction therapy (M0) and those receiving maintenance therapy lasting 1 year (M1) and more than 1 year (M2). Results Nineteen studies of 3,957 patients were included for the network meta-analysis. In a node-split forest plot using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modeling, there were no differences between the M1 and M2 groups in recurrence rate [odds ratio (OR) 0.95 (0.73–1.2)]. However, recurrence rate in the M0 group was higher than that in the M1 [OR 1.9 (1.5–2.5)] and M2 [OR 2.0 (1.7–2.4)] groups. P-score tests using frequentist inference to rank the treatments in the network demonstrated that the therapy used in the M2 group (P-score 0.8701) was superior to that used in the M1 (P-score 0.6299) and M0 groups (P-score 0). In rank-probability tests using MCMC modeling, the M2 group showed the highest rank, followed by the M1 and M0 groups. Conclusion In the network meta-analysis, there were no differences between those receiving BCG maintenance therapies in terms of recurrence rate. In the rank tests, therapy lasting more than 1-year appears to be most effective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1-year maintenance therapy can be used, but after the COVID-19 pandemic, therapy lasting more than 1-year could be beneficial.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBojan Rakonjac, Zorica Lepšanović, Vesna Šuljagić, Branko Jovčić, Milan Kojić, Anders Rhod Larsen, Momčilo Đurić, Ivana Ćirković
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Bojan Rakonjac, Zorica Lepšanović, Vesna Šuljagić, Branko Jovčić, Milan Kojić, Anders Rhod Larsen, Momčilo Đurić, Ivana Ćirković
Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is continually changing. Frequency of genotypes typical for community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is increasing in hospitals, as well as resistance to antimicrobial agents. Moreover, different clones predominate in different geographic regions, and temporal shifts occur in the predominant clonal type. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MRSA, CA-MRSA and PVL-positive MRSA isolates from patients hospitalised in the Military Medical Academy (MMA) and from outpatients, and to perform genotyping of PVL-positive MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates were obtained by standard microbiological techniques. PVL-positive MRSA were detected by single PCR. Determination of SCCmec types in MRSA isolates was done using multiplex PCR and genotyping of PVL-positive MRSA by PFGE, MLST and spa typing. The prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates from different clinical specimens was 43.4%. In outpatients the prevalence of MRSA was 3.2%. SCCmec types specific for CA-MRSA were found in 26% of MRSA isolates from hospitalised patients. In groups, hospitalised patients and outpatients, the prevalence of PVL-positive MRSA isolates was 4%, and all of them harboured SCCmec type V genetic element. PFGE revealed minor differences between four groups of PVL-positive MRSA isolates, but all of them belonged to ST152, and all except one were of the t355 spa type. High prevalence of MRSA and CA-MRSA in MMA, especially the presence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA, represent a serious health threat for patients. Genotype t355/ST152/SCCmec V is the dominant MRSA clone among PVL-positive CA-MRSA.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPratiwi Soedarmono, Aly Diana, Patricia Tauran, Dewi Lokida, Abu Tholib Aman, Bachti Alisjahbana, Dona Arlinda, Emiliana Tjitra, Herman Kosasih, Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati, Mansyur Arif, Muhammad Hussein Gasem, Nugroho Harry Susanto, Nurhayati Lukman, Retna Indah Sugiyono, Usman Hadi, Vivi Lisdawati, Karine G. Fouth Tchos, Aaron Neal, Muhammad Karyana
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Pratiwi Soedarmono, Aly Diana, Patricia Tauran, Dewi Lokida, Abu Tholib Aman, Bachti Alisjahbana, Dona Arlinda, Emiliana Tjitra, Herman Kosasih, Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati, Mansyur Arif, Muhammad Hussein Gasem, Nugroho Harry Susanto, Nurhayati Lukman, Retna Indah Sugiyono, Usman Hadi, Vivi Lisdawati, Karine G. Fouth Tchos, Aaron Neal, Muhammad Karyana
Blood culturing remains the “gold standard” for bloodstream infection (BSI) diagnosis, but the method is inaccessible to many developing countries due to high costs and insufficient resources. To better understand the utility of blood cultures among patients in Indonesia, a country where blood cultures are not routinely performed, we evaluated data from a previous cohort study that included blood cultures for all participants. An acute febrile illness study was conducted from July 2013 to June 2016 at eight major hospitals in seven provincial capitals in Indonesia. All participants presented with a fever, and two-sided aerobic blood cultures were performed within 48 hours of hospital admission. Positive cultures were further assessed for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. Specimens from participants with negative culture results were screened by advanced molecular and serological methods for evidence of causal pathogens. Blood cultures were performed for 1,459 of 1,464 participants, and the 70.6% (1,030) participants that were negative by dengue NS1 antigen test were included in further analysis. Bacteremia was observed in 8.9% (92) participants, with the most frequent pathogens being Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (41) and Paratyphi A (10), Escherichia coli (14), and Staphylococcus aureus (10). Two S. Paratyphi A cases had evidence of AMR, and several E. coli cases were multidrug resistant (42.9%, 6/14) or monoresistant (14.3%, 2/14). Culture contamination was observed in 3.6% (37) cases. Molecular and serological assays identified etiological agents in participants having negative cultures, with 23.1% to 90% of cases being missed by blood cultures. Blood cultures are a valuable diagnostic tool for hospitalized patients presenting with fever. In Indonesia, pre-screening patients for the most common viral infections, such as dengue, influenza, and chikungunya viruses, would maximize the benefit to the patient while also conserving resources. Blood cultures should also be supplemented with advanced laboratory tests when available.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLaura Lara, Mahia Saracostti, Ximena de-Toro
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Laura Lara, Mahia Saracostti, Ximena de-Toro
School engagement has been demonstrated to be a relevant aspect in promoting students’ successful trajectories, a commitment that in its turn is influenced by contextual factors (family, teachers, and peers). Having instruments to measure these constructs allows decisions to be made to improve student retention, especially relevant in the context of uncertainty caused by covid-19. The aim of the study was to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of questionnaires used to measure school engagement and contextual factors in the context of the pandemic with elementary school students in Chile. After adaptation of the instruments, through expert evaluation and focus groups with students, they were administered to 579 students in seventh and eighth grade (mean age = 12.79, 52% were boys), and to 334 students in fifth and sixth grade (mean age = 11.35, 38% were boys) in Chile. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the two versions of the school engagement measurement instrument had an adequate fit with the original model of three correlated factors, cognitive, affective, and behavioral commitment. Similarly, these two versions of the instrument measuring the contextual factors had a good fit with the original model of three correlated factors, family, teachers, and peers. In addition, both versions of both questionnaires presented appropriate levels of internal consistency.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKruger Kaswaswa, Peter MacPherson, Moses Kumwenda, James Mpunga, Deus Thindwa, Marriott Nliwasa, Mphatso Mwapasa, Jon Odland, Tamiwe Tomoka, Geoffrey Chipungu, Mavuto Mukaka, Elizabeth L. Corbett
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
by Kruger Kaswaswa, Peter MacPherson, Moses Kumwenda, James Mpunga, Deus Thindwa, Marriott Nliwasa, Mphatso Mwapasa, Jon Odland, Tamiwe Tomoka, Geoffrey Chipungu, Mavuto Mukaka, Elizabeth L. Corbett
Background Household contact tracing provides TB screening and TB preventive therapy (TPT) to contacts at high risk of TB disease. However, it is resource intensive, inconvenient, and often poorly implemented. We investigated a novel model aiming to improve uptake. Methods Between May and December 2014, we randomised patient with TB who consented to participate in the trial to either standard of care (SOC) or intervention (PACTS) arms. Participants randomised to PACTS received one screening/triage tool (adapted from WHO integrated management of adolescent and adult illnesses [IMAI] guidelines) and sputum pots for each reported household contact. The tool guided participants through symptom screening; TPT (6-months of isoniazid) eligibility; and sputum collection for contacts. Patients randomised to SOC were managed in accordance with national guidelines, that is, they received verbal instruction on who to bring to clinics for investigation using national guidelines. Main outcome and measures The primary outcome was the proportion of adult contacts receiving treatment for TB within 3 months of randomisation. Secondary outcomes were the proportions of child contacts under age 5 years (U5Y) who were commenced on, and completed, TPT. Data were analyzed by logistic regression with random effects to adjust for household clustering. Results Two hundred and fourteen index TB participants were block-randomized from two sites (107 PACTS, reporting 418 contacts; and 107 SOC, reporting 420 contacts). Overall, 62.8% of index TB participants were HIV-positive and 52.1% were TB culture-positive. 250 otherwise eligible TB patients declined participation and 6 households (10 PACTS, 6 SOC) were lost to follow-up and were not included in the analysis. By three months, nine contacts (PACTS: 6, [1.4%]; SOC: 3, [0.7%]) had TB diagnosed, with no difference between groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.18, 95% CI: 0.60–7.95). Eligible PACTS contacts (37/96, 38.5%) were more likely to initiate TPT by 3-months compared to SOC contacts (27/101, 26.7%; aOR 2.27, 95% CI: 1.04–4.98). U5Y children in the PACTS arm (47/81 58.0%) were more likely to have initiated TPT before the 3-month visit compared to SOC children (36/89, 41.4%; aOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.05–5.06). Conclusions and relevance A household-centred patient-delivered symptom screen and IPT eligibility assessment significantly increased timely TPT uptake among U5Y children, but did not significantly increase TB diagnosis. This model needs to be optimized for acceptability, given low participation, and investigated in other low resource settings. Clinical trial registration TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN81659509 https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN81659509?q=&filters=conditionCategory:Respiratory,recruitmentCountry:Malawi,ageRange:Mixed&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search. 19 July 2012.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMegan B. Diamond, Aparna Keshaviah, Ana I. Bento, Otakuye Conroy-Ben, Erin M. Driver, Katherine B. Ensor, Rolf U. Halden, Loren P. Hopkins, Katrin G. Kuhn, Christine L. Moe, Eric C. Rouchka, Ted Smith, Bradley S. Stevenson, Zachary Susswein, Jason R. Vogel, Marlene K. Wolfe, Lauren B. Stadler, Samuel V. Scarpino
Nature, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 08 September 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01940-xWastewater monitoring has been used to identify SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and track new variants. This sentinel system should be expanded to monitor other pathogens and boost public health preparedness.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAbiko, S., Hirayama, Y., Otaki, J., Harada, Y., Kawakami, K., Toi, T., Takamiya, T., Kawai, T.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Objectives
To understand the recent prevalence and time trends of Helicobacter pylori infection rates in the Japanese population.
Design
Repeated cross-sectional study.
Participants
A total of 22 120 workers (age: 35–65 years) from one Japanese company, who underwent serum H. pylori antibody tests in a health check-up between 2008 and 2018.
Measures
H. pylori infection rates among participants aged 35 years from 2008 to 2018, and participants aged 35, 40, 45, and 50–65 years in 2018, based on the results of serum antibody tests, were analysed. In the 2018 analysis, in addition to the antibody test results, all participants who had undergone eradication treatment for H. pylori were considered as infected. Trends were examined using joinpoint analysis.
Results
H. pylori was detected in 1100 of 7586 male and 190 of 1739 female participants aged 35 years. Annual infection rates among those aged 35 years showed linear downward trends as follows: men, 17.5% in 2008 to 10.1% in 2018 (slope: –0.66); women, 12.3% in 2008 to 9.2% in 2018 (slope: –0.51) without joinpoints. In the 2018 analysis, 2432 of 9580 men and 431 of 1854 women were H. pylori positive. Infection rates tended to increase with older age (men: 11.0% (35 years) to 47.7% (65 years); women: 10.0% (35 years) to 40.0% (65 years)), and showed joinpoints in both sexes (men: 54 years; women: 45 years). Although both the first and second trends were upward, the second trend for both men and women was steeper than the first trend (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that in the previous 11 years, infection rates of H. pylori in 35-year-old male and female Japanese workers have constantly decreased, and furthermore, analysis of various age groups showed joinpoints around 50 years, suggesting a consistent declining trend in H. pylori infection rates in Japan.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Medboen, I. T., Persson, K., Navik, M., Totland, T. H., Bergh, S., Trevino, C. S., Ulstein, I., Engedal, K., Knapskog, A.-B., Braekhus, A., Oksengard, A. R., Horndalsveen, P. O., Saltvedt, I., Lyngroth, A. L., Ranhoff, A. H., Skrettingland, D. B., Naik, M., Soares, J. Z., Johnsen, B., Selbaek, G.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Purpose
The Norwegian Registry of Persons Assessed for Cognitive Symptoms (NorCog) was established to harmonise and improve the quality of diagnostic practice across clinics assessing persons with cognitive symptoms in Norwegian specialist healthcare units and to establish a large research cohort with extensive clinical data.
Participants
The registry recruits patients who are referred for assessment of cognitive symptoms and suspected dementia at outpatient clinics in Norwegian specialist healthcare units. In total, 18 120 patients have been included in NorCog during the period of 2009–2021. The average age at inclusion was 73.7 years. About half of the patients (46%) were diagnosed with dementia at the baseline assessment, 35% with mild cognitive impairment and 13% with no or subjective cognitive impairment; 7% received other specified diagnoses such as mood disorders.
Findings to date
All patients have a detailed baseline characterisation involving lifestyle and demographic variables; activities of daily living; caregiver situation; medical history; medication; psychiatric, physical and neurological examinations; neurocognitive testing; blood laboratory work-up; and structural or functional brain imaging. Diagnoses are set according to standardised diagnostic criteria. The research biobank stores DNA and blood samples from 4000 patients as well as cerebrospinal fluid from 800 patients. Data from NorCog have been used in a wide range of research projects evaluating and validating dementia-related assessment tools, and identifying patient characteristics, symptoms, functioning and needs, as well as caregiver burden and requirement of available resources.
Future plans
The finish date of NorCog was originally in 2029. In 2021, the registry’s legal basis was reformalised and NorCog got approval to collect and keep data for as long as is necessary to achieve the purpose of the registry. In 2022, the registry underwent major changes. Paper-based data collection was replaced with digital registration, and the number of variables collected was reduced. Future plans involve expanding the registry to include patients from primary care centres.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Bajre, M., Moawad, M., Shumbayawonda, E., Carolan, J. E., Hart, J., Culver, E., Heneghan, M.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Background
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic progressive liver disease, managed with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants and monitored using a combination of liver biochemistry and histology. Liver biopsy (gold standard) is invasive, costly and has risk of complications. Non-invasive imaging using multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMR) can detect the presence and extent of hepatic fibroinflammation in a risk-free manner.
Objective
To conduct early economic modelling to assess the affordability of using mpMR as an alternative to liver biopsy.
Methods
Medical test costs associated with following 100 patients over a 5-year time horizon were assessed from a National Health Service payor perspective using tariff costs and average biopsy-related adverse events costs. Sensitivity analyses modelling the cost consequences of increasing the frequency of mpMR monitoring within the fixed cost of liver biopsy were performed.
Results
Per 100 moderate/severe AIH patients receiving an annual mpMR scan (in place of biopsy), early economic modelling showed minimum cost savings of £232 333. Per 100 mild/moderate AIH patients receiving three mpMR scans over 5 years estimated minimum cost savings were £139 400. One-way sensitivity analyses showed increasing the frequency of mpMR scans from 5 to 10 over 5 years in moderate/severe AIH patients results in a cost saving of £121 926.20. In patients with mild/moderate AIH, an increase from 3 to 6 mpMR scans over 5 years could save £73 155.72. In a minimalistic approach, the use of 5 mpMR scans was still cost saving (£5770.48) if they were to replace two biopsies over the 5-year period for all patients with moderate/severe or mild/moderate AIH.
Conclusions
Integration of mpMR scans in AIH patient pathways leads to significant cost savings when liver biopsy frequency is either reduced or eliminated, in addition to improved patient experience and clinician acceptability as well as providing detailed phenotyping to improve patient outcomes.
Trial registration
NCT03979053.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Evans, B. A., Akbari, A., Bailey, R., Bethell, L., Bufton, S., Carson-Stevens, A., Dixon, L., Edwards, A., John, A., Jolles, S., Kingston, M. R., Lyons, J., Lyons, R., Porter, A., Sewell, B., Thornton, C. A., Watkins, A., Whiffen, T., Snooks, H.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Introduction
Shielding aimed to protect those predicted to be at highest risk from COVID-19 and was uniquely implemented in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinically extremely vulnerable people identified through algorithms and screening of routine National Health Service (NHS) data were individually and strongly advised to stay at home and strictly self-isolate even from others in their household. This study will generate a logic model of the intervention and evaluate the effects and costs of shielding to inform policy development and delivery during future pandemics.
Methods and analysis
This is a quasiexperimental study undertaken in Wales where records for people who were identified for shielding were already anonymously linked into integrated data systems for public health decision-making. We will: interview policy-makers to understand rationale for shielding advice to inform analysis and interpretation of results; use anonymised individual-level data to select people identified for shielding advice in March 2020 and a matched cohort, from routine electronic health data sources, to compare outcomes; survey a stratified random sample of each group about activities and quality of life at 12 months; use routine and newly collected blood data to assess immunity; interview people who were identified for shielding and their carers and NHS staff who delivered healthcare during shielding, to explore compliance and experiences; collect healthcare resource use data to calculate implementation costs and cost–consequences. Our team includes people who were shielding, who used their experience to help design and deliver this study.
Ethics and dissemination
The study has received approval from the Newcastle North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee (IRAS 295050). We will disseminate results directly to UK government policy-makers, publish in peer-reviewed journals, present at scientific and policy conferences and share accessible summaries of results online and through public and patient networks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Yu, Y., Tang, Z., Xie, M., Li, J., Hang, C.-C., An, L., Li, C.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Objectives
Rapid changes in glucocorticoid (GC) levels and adrenal insufficiency are related to the development of post-cardiac arrest (CA) syndrome. However, GC receptor (GR) expression changes have not been studied. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association of early changes in GR expression and prognosis and immune response in patients who experienced CA.
Design
Prospective observational study.
Setting
Emergency department.
Participants
Patients (85) in the early period of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after CA were admitted between October 2018 and October 2019. After a physical examination, age-matched and sex-matched healthy individuals (40) were recruited for the control group.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
GR expression and cell counts of circulatory T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells were assessed. Plasma total cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels were also tested.
Results
All cell counts were lower, and plasma total cortisol levels were higher (p<0.001) in patients who experienced CA than in the healthy control group. GR expression in Treg cells and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes were not significantly different, but the mean fluorescence intensity and GR expression in other cells were lower in patients who experienced CA (p<0.05) than in the healthy control group. ACTH levels were not different. There were no significant differences between survivors and non-survivors.
Conclusions
This study revealed that GR expression and cell counts rapidly decreased, whereas plasma total cortisol levels increased in the early period after ROSC among patients who experienced CA. Our findings provide important information about GR level and function, and immunosuppressive status in these patients. Assessing GR expression in patients who experienced CA may help screening for those who are more sensitive to GC therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Obeid, D., Alnemari, R., Al-Qahtani, A. A., Alsanea, M., Alahideb, B., Alsuwairi, F., Abdulkarim, M., Alhamlan, F. S.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Objective
To describe the chronological genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on public health in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
Methods
This study analysed all available SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, metadata and rates of COVID-19 infection from the MENA region retrieved from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data database from January 2020 to August 2021. Inferential and descriptive statistics were conducted to describe the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
Results
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the MENA region indicated that the variants in January 2020 predominately belonged to the G, GR, GH or O clades and that the most common variant of concern was Alpha. By August 2021, however, the GK clade dominated (57.4% of all sequenced genomes), followed by the G clade (18.7%) and the GR clade (11.6%). In August, the most commonly sequenced variants of concern were Delta in the Middle East region (91%); Alpha (44.3%) followed by Delta (29.7%) and Beta (25.3%) in the North Africa region; and Alpha (88.9%), followed by Delta (10%) in the fragile and conflict-affected regions of MENA. The mean proportion of the variants of concern among the total sequenced samples differed significantly by country (F=1.93, P=0.0112) but not by major MENA region (F=0.14, P=0.27) or by vaccination coverage (F=1.84, P=0.176).
Conclusion
This analysis of the genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 provides an essential description the virus evolution and its impact on public health safety in the MENA region. As of August 2021, the Delta variant showed a genomic advantage in the MENA region. The MENA region includes several fragile and conflict-affected countries with extremely low levels of vaccination coverage and little genomic surveillance, which may soon exacerbate the existing health crisis within those countries and globally.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Wake, E., Ranse, J., Marshall, A. P.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Objectives
Survival following traumatic injury has increased, requiring ongoing patient follow-up. While longitudinal outcomes of trauma patients are reported, little is known about optimal delivery of follow-up service for this group. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and describe the structure, process and outcomes of postdischarge follow-up services for patients who sustained major trauma.
Evidence review
This scoping review was conducted by searching CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Articles were screened by three independent reviewers. The data of selected articles were organised in the categories of the Donabedian quality framework: structure, processes and outcomes.
Results
Twenty-six articles were included after screening by title/abstract then full text against the inclusion/exclusion criteria; 92% (n=24) were from the USA.
Follow-up services were provided by designated trauma centres and delivered by a mixture of health disciplines. Delivery of follow-up was multimodal (in person/telehealth). Protocols and guidelines helped to deliver follow-up care for non-physician led services.
Ongoing health issues including missed injuries, pain and infection were identified. No standardised criteria were established to determine recipients, the timing or frequency of follow-up was identified. Patients who engaged with follow-up services were more likely to participate in other health services. Patients reported satisfaction with follow-up care.
Conclusion
There are wide variations in how follow-up services for major trauma patients are provided. Further evaluation should focus on patient, family and organisational outcomes. Identifying who is most likely to benefit, when and how follow-up care is delivered are important next steps in improving outcomes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Salci, M. A., Carreira, L., Facchini, L. A., Oliveira, M. L. F. d., de Oliveira, R. R., Ichisato, S. M. T., Covre, E. R., Pesce, G. B., Santos, J. A. T., Derhun, F. M., Hungaro, A. A., Moura, D., Höring, C. F., Santos, M. L. A. d., Oliveira, N. N. d., Paiano, M., Goes, H. L. d. F., Jaques, A. E., Fernandes, C. A. M., Vissoci, J. R. N.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Introduction
Since 2020, the world has been going through a viral pandemic with a high morbidity and mortality rate along with the potential to evolve from an acute infection to post-acute and long-COVID, which is still in the process of elucidation. Diagnostic and prognostic research is essential to understand the complexity of factors and contexts involving the illness’s process. This protocol introduces a study strategy to analyse predictors, sequelae, and repercussions of COVID-19 in adults and older adults with different disease severities in the State of Paraná, Brazil.
Methods and analysis
A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. The quantitative data will be conducted by an ambispective cohort study, which will explore the manifestations of COVID-19 for 18 months, with nearly 3000 participants with confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19 (reverse transcription-PCR test) between March and December of 2020, retrieved from national disease reporting databases, over 18 years old, living in a Brazilian State (Paraná) and who survived the viral infection after being discharged from a health service. Data collection will be conducted through telephone interviews, at two different occasions: the first will be a recall 12 months after the acute phase as a retrospective follow-up, and the second will be another prospective interview, with data of the following 6 months. For the qualitative step, Grounded Theory will be used; participants will be selected from the cohort population. The first sample group will be composed of people who were discharged from the intensive care unit, and other sample groups will be composed according to theoretical saturation. The qualitative data will follow the temporal design and classification of the disease provided for in the cohort.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval was granted by the State University of Maringá, under opinion number: 4 165 272 and CAAE: 34787020.0.0000.0104 on 21 July 2020, and Hospital do Trabalhador (Worker’s Hospital), which is accountable for the Health Department of the State of Paraná, under opinion number: 4 214 589 and CAAE: 34787020.0.3001.5225 on 15 August 2020. The participants will verbally consent to the research, their consent will be recorded, and the informed consent form will be sent by mail or email. Outcomes will be widely disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, conference presentations, media and reports to related authorities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Collins, E., Galipeau, Y., Arnold, C., Bosveld, C., Heiskanen, A., Keeshan, A., Nakka, K., Shir-Mohammadi, K., St-Denis-Bissonnette, F., Tamblyn, L., Vranjkovic, A., Wood, L. C., Booth, R., Buchan, C. A., Crawley, A. M., Little, J., McGuinty, M., Saginur, R., Langlois, M.-A., Cooper, C. L.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Purpose
To investigate the robustness and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses conferred by natural infection and vaccination among priority populations such as immunocompromised individuals and people with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in a prospective cohort study (Stop the Spread Ottawa—SSO) in adults living in the Ottawa region. In this paper, we describe the study design, ongoing data collection and baseline characteristics of participants.
Participants
Since October 2020, participants who tested positive for COVID-19 (convalescents) or at high risk of exposure to the virus (under surveillance) have provided monthly blood and saliva samples over a 10-month period. As of 2 November 2021, 1026 adults had completed the baseline survey and 976 had attended baseline bloodwork. 300 participants will continue to provide bimonthly blood samples for 24 additional months (ie, total follow-up of 34 months).
Findings to date
The median age of the baseline sample was 44 (IQR 23, range: 18–79) and just over two-thirds (n=688; 67.1%) were female. 255 participants (24.9%) had a history of COVID-19 infection confirmed by PCR and/or serology. Over 600 participants (60.0%) work in high-risk occupations (eg, healthcare, teaching and transportation). 108 participants (10.5%) reported immunocompromising conditions or treatments at baseline (eg, cancer, HIV, other immune deficiency, and/or use of immunosuppressants).
Future plans
SSO continues to yield rich research potential, given the collection of pre-vaccine baseline data and samples from the majority of participants, recruitment of diverse subgroups of interest, and a high level of participant retention and compliance with monthly sampling. The 24-month study extension will maximise opportunities to track SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine efficacy, detect and characterise emerging variants, and compare subgroup humoral and cellular response robustness and persistence.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Sota, P., Alene, K. A., Andityas, M., Tangkawattana, S., Sripa, B., Clements, A. C. A.
BMJ Open, 8.09.2022
Tilføjet 8.09.2022
Introduction
The carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a major public health problem in the Mekong basin region. The liver flukes can induce cholangiocarcinoma, a bile duct cancer that causes a significant burden of mortality and economic loss. Various public health interventions have been conducted to reduce opisthorchiasis but the prevalence of O. viverrini remains high in endemic regions. The aim is to quantify the effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the prevalence of O. viverrini infection.
Methods and analysis
Seven databases (including PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Thai thesis database and TCI (Thai journals online)) will be searched from initiation through to 2022 to identify studies of interventions to reduce the prevalence of O. viverrini infection. The prevalence, incidence or number of O. viverrini-infected people will be used as the source of O. viverrini prevalence data. A conventional meta-analysis and a Bayesian network meta-analysis will be conducted to undertake direct and indirect comparisons of different interventions. Meta-regression will be used to determine the effect of each intervention. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. Heterogeneity between studies will be determined by forest plots and I2 and publication bias investigated with funnel plots and the Egger’s test.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval will not be required because this study will only use published data. The final report of this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and will also be presented at relevant conferences.
PROSPERO registration number
CRD42022323066.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed