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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: iii-iii
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 1-1
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 2-3
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 4-12
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 13-17
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 18-25
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 26-28
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneVolume: 106Issue: 5_SupplPages: 29-38
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Stella, I., Remen, T., Petel, A., Joud, A., Klein, O., Perrin, P.
BMJ Open, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Introduction
Chiari I malformation (CM1) is an anatomical abnormality characterised by the cerebellar tonsils descending at least 5 mm below the foramen magnum. CM1 causes obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation as well as direct compression on the brainstem, thus causing typical consequences (syringomyelia), and typical clinical features (characteristic headaches and neurological impairment). Surgery is the only available treatment, indicated when symptomatology is present. However, sometimes patients have atypical complaints, which are often suggestive of otolaryngological (ears, nose and throat, ENT) involvement. This may be difficult for a neurosurgeon to explain. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between one of these atypical symptoms, for example, postural instability, in a paediatric population using a Computerised Dynamic Posturography (Equitest, NeuroCom, Clackamas, OR). To our knowledge, there are no previously published studies carried out on children with CM1, using dynamic posturography.
Methods and analysis
Forty-five children aged 6–18 years old presenting with radiologically confirmed CM1 and presenting ENT clinical complaints will be included in the study for a duration of 3 years. As primary endpoint, posturographic results will be described in the population study. Second, posturographic results will be compared between patients with and without indication for surgery. Finally, preoperative and postoperative posturographic results, as well as CSF circulation quality at foramen magnum level, syringomyelia, sleep apnoea syndrome, scoliosis and behaviour will be compared in the operated patient group.
Ethics and dissemination
This protocol received ethical approval from the Clinical Research Delegation of Nancy University Hospital, in accordance with the National Commission on Informatics and Liberties (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés) (protocol number 2019PI256-107). Our data treatment was in accordance with the Methodology of reference Methodology Reference-004 specification for data policy. The study findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations, especially to the Neurosphynx’s rare disease healthcare network.
Trial registration number
NCT04679792; Pre-results.
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Osaghae, I., Agrawal, P., Olateju, A., Alonge, O.
BMJ Open, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Objectives
To document lessons from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) by determining factors associated with successful surveillance programme globally as well as at national and subnational levels. The process of conducting surveillance has been previously recognised in the literature as important for the success of polio surveillance activities.
Design
A cross-sectional survey with closed and open-ended questions.
Settings
Survey of persons involved in the implementation of surveillance activities under the GPEI at the global level and in seven low-income and middle-income countries.
Participants
Individuals (n=802) with ≥12 months of experience implementing surveillance objective of the GPEI between 1988 and 2019.
Main outcome measures and methods
Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with implementation process as a factor for successful surveillance programme. Horizontal analysis was used to analyse qualitative free-text responses on facilitators and barriers identified for conducting surveillance activities successfully.
Results
Overall, participants who reported challenges relating to GPEI programme characteristics had 50% lower odds of reporting implementation process as a factor for successful surveillance (adjusted OR (AOR): 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.85). Challenges were mainly perceptions of external intervention source (ie, surveillance perceived as ‘foreign’ to local communities) and the complexity of surveillance processes (ie, surveillance required several intricate steps). Those who reported organisational challenges were almost two times more likely to report implementation process as a factor for successful surveillance (AOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.31) overall, and over threefolds (AOR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.14 to 9.66) at the national level.
Conclusions
Programme characteristics may have impeded the process of conducting surveillance under the GPEI, while organisational characteristics may have facilitated the process. Future surveillance programmes should be designed with inputs from local communities and frontline implementers.
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Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Boris Julg, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Kshitij Wagh, Sabrina C. Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen Walsh, Jessica Ansel, Diane Kanjilal, Joseph Nkolola, Victoria E. K. Walker-Sperling, Jasper Ophel, Katherine Yanosick, Erica N. Borducchi, Lori Maxfield, Peter Abbink, Lauren Peter, Nicole L. Yates, Martina S. Wesley, Tom Hassell, Huub C. Gelderblom, Allen deCamp, Bryan T. Mayer, Alicia Sato, Monica W. Gerber, Elena E. Giorgi, Lucio Gama, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, Ana Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Roberto Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, Dan H. Barouch
Nature, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 12 May 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01815-1A combination of three monoclonal antibodies transiently reduced viremia in people living with HIV-1 and not on antiretroviral therapy, but it did not prevent viral rebound. Further studies are needed to determine if this approach can be optimized.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
In 2019, the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine was introduced on a pilot basis in six regions of Ghana by the Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service as part of the WHO-coordinated Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP). This is the first time a malaria vaccination programme has been implemented in any country. This paper describes the challenges faced, and lessons learned, during the planning and early implementation of the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine in three out of the six regions that implemented the programme in Ghana.
Methods
Twenty-one in-depth interviews were conducted with regional and district health service managers and frontline health workers three months after the start of MVIP in May 2019. Data were coded using NVivo software version 12 and a coding framework was developed to support thematic analysis to identify the challenges and lessons learned during the RTS,S/AS01E implementation pilot, which were also categorized into the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).
Results
Participants reported challenges related to the characteristics of the intervention, such as issues with the vaccine schedule and eligibility criteria, and challenges related to how it was implemented as a pilot programme. Additionally, major challenges were faced due to the spread of rumours leading to vaccine refusals; thus, the outer setting of the CFIR was adapted to accommodate rumours within the community context. Health service managers and frontline health workers also experienced challenges with the process of implementing RTS,S/AS01E, including inadequate sensitization and training, as well as issues with the timeline. They also experienced challenges associated with the features of the systems within which the vaccine was being implemented, including inadequate resources for cold-chain at the health facility level and transportation at the district and health facility levels. This study identified the need for a longer, more intensive and sustained delivery of contextually-appropriate sensitization prior to implementation of a programme such as MVIP.
Conclusions
This study identified 12 main challenges and lessons learned by health service managers and health workers during the planning and early implementation phases of the RTS,S/AS01E pilot introduction in Ghana. These findings are highly relevant to the likely scale-up of RTS,S/AS01E within Ghana and possible implementation in other African countries, as well as to other future introductions of novel vaccines.
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Malaria Journal, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Malaria is widespread in Ethiopia and has been a major cause of illness and death in that country. Therefore, Ethiopia has been exerting enormous efforts towards eliminating malaria by 2030. In the context of comprehensive malaria control, the malaria vaccine is used for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living in regions with moderate- to-high malaria transmission.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of children under the age of five throughout the months of September 2021. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was designed for data collection, and binary logistic regression analysis was used. The final result of the association was determined based on an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) level, and p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.
Results
A total of 406 caregivers of children under the age of 5 were interviewed. Overall, 131 (32.3%) respondents were willing to vaccinate their children. Marital status (AOR = 1.243; 95% CI 1.021–3.897), knowledge (AOR = 3.120; 95% CI 1.689–5.027), and previous experience with childhood vaccination (AOR = 2.673; 95% CI 1.759–4.101) were found to be significantly associated with willingness to accept a malaria vaccine for their children, at p < 0.05.
Conclusions and recommendations
The willingness to accept a malaria vaccine for children among caregivers of children under the age of five was low in the study area. Thus, health education and communication are crucial for alleviating poor knowledge about malaria vaccines.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
The geographic distribution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotypes is uneven. We reconstructed the temporal evolution of HBV and HDV in Yakutia, one of the regions of Russia most affected by HBV and HDV, in an attempt to understand the possible mechanisms that led to unusual for Russia pattern of viral genotypes and to identify current distribution trends.
Methods
HBV and HDV genotypes were determined in sera collected in 2018–2019 in Yakutia from randomly selected 140 patients with HBV monoinfection and 59 patients with HBV/HDV. Total 86 HBV and 88 HDV genomic sequences isolated in Yakutia between 1997 and 2019 were subjected to phylodynamic and philogeographic Bayesian analysis using BEAST v1.10.4 software package. Bayesian SkyGrid reconstruction and Birth–Death Skyline analysis were applied to estimate HBV and HDV population dynamics.
Results
Currently, HBV-A and HDV-D genotypes are prevalent in Yakutia, in both monoinfected and HDV-coinfected patients. Bayesian analysis has shown that the high prevalence of HBV-A in Yakutia, which is not typical for Russia, initially emerged after the genotype was introduced from Eastern Europe in the fifteenth century (around 600 (95% HPD: 50–715) years ago). The acute hepatitis B epidemics in the 1990s in Yakutia were largely associated with this particular genotype, as indicated by temporal changes in HBV-A population dynamics. HBV-D had a longer history in Yakutia and demonstrated stable population dynamics, indicating ongoing viral circulation despite vaccination. No correlation between HBV and HDV genotypes was observed for coinfected patients in Yakutia (r = − 0.016069332). HDV-2b circulates in Russia in Yakutia only and resulted from a single wave of introduction from Central Asia 135 years ago (95% HPD: 60–350 years), while HDV-1 strains resulted from multiple introductions from Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and different parts of Russia starting 180 years ago (95% HPD: 150–210 years) and continuing to the present day. The population dynamics of HDV-1 and HDV-2 show no signs of decline despite 20 years of HBV vaccination. The Birth–Death Skyline analysis showed an increase in the viral population in recent years for both HDV genotypes, indicating ongoing HDV epidemics.
Conclusions
Taken together, these data call for strict control of HBV vaccination quality and coverage, and implementation of HBV and HDV screening programs in Yakutia.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Since 2006, Nepal has experienced frequent Dengue fever (DF) outbreaks. Up to now, there have been no knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) studies carried out on DF in Nepal that have included qualitative in-depth and quantitative data. Thus, we aimed to explore and compare the KAP of people residing in the lowland (< 1500 m) and highland (> 1500 m) areas of Nepal.
Methods
A cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted in six districts of central Nepal in September–October 2018 including both quantitative (660 household surveys) and qualitative data (12 focus group discussions and 27 in-depth interviews). The KAP assessment was executed using a scoring system and defined as high or low based on 80% cut-off point. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associated factors, in quantitative analysis. The deductive followed by inductive approach was adopted to identify the themes in the qualitative data.
Results
The study revealed that both the awareness about DF and prevention measures were low. Among the surveyed participants, 40.6% had previously heard about DF with a significantly higher number in the lowland areas. Similarly, IDI and FGD participants from the lowland areas were aware about DF, and it’s associated symptoms, hence they were adopting better preventive practices against DF. The findings of both the qualitative and quantitative data indicate that people residing in the lowland areas had better knowledge on DF compared to people in highland areas. All IDI participants perceived a higher chance of increasing future dengue outbreaks due to increasing temperature and the mobility of infected people from endemic to non-endemic areas. The most quoted sources of information were the television (71.8%) and radio (51.5%). Overall, only 2.3% of the HHS participants obtained high knowledge scores, 74.1% obtained high attitude scores and 21.2% obtained high preventive practice scores on DF. Among the socio-demographic variables, the area of residence, educational level, age, monthly income, SES and occupation were independent predictors of knowledge level, while the education level of the participants was an independent predictor of the attitude level.
Conclusions
Our study found a very low level of knowledge and insufficient preventive practices. This highlights an urgent need for extensive dengue prevention programs in both highland and lowland communities of Nepal.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Concerns that athletes may be at a higher risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission has led to reduced participation in sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to assess COVID-19 incidence and transmission during the spring 2021 high school and college water polo seasons across the United States.
Methods
This prospective observational study enrolled 1825 water polo athletes from 54 high schools and 36 colleges. Surveys were sent to coaches throughout the season, and survey data were collected and analyzed.
Results
We identified 17 COVID-19 cases among 1223 high school water polo athletes (1.4%) and 66 cases among 602 college athletes (11.0%). Of these cases, contact tracing suggested that three were water polo–associated in high school, and none were water polo–associated in college. Quarantine data suggest low transmission during water polo play as only three out of 232 (1.3%) high school athletes quarantined for a water polo–related exposure developed COVID-19. In college, none of the 54 athletes quarantined for exposure with an infected opponent contracted COVID-19. However, in both high school and college, despite the physical condition of water polo athletes, both high school (47%) and college athletes (21%) had prolonged return to play after contracting COVID-19, indicating the danger of COVID-19, even to athletes.
Conclusions
While COVID-19 spread can occur during water polo play, few instances of spread occurred during the spring 2021 season, and transmission rates appear similar to those in other settings, such as school environments.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Monocytes play an important role in inflammation, and monocytosis and monocyte activation are features of chronic inflammation. We aimed to investigate if HIV status was associated with monocyte count and monocyte activation and to assess the relationship between monocyte count and monocyte activation markers and HIV-related factors.
Methods
Persons living with HIV (PLWH) with measured monocyte count and sCD14 and sCD163 were included from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study and matched 1:5 on sex and age with uninfected controls. In addition, 74 uninfected individuals from COCOMO with measured sCD14 and sCD163 were included. Identical protocols and equipment were used to determine monocyte counts and monocyte activation in PLWH and uninfected controls. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking and waist-to-hip-ratio was used to analyze the association between possible risk factors and monocyte outcomes.
Results
We included 871 PLWH and 4355 uninfected controls. PLWH had − 0.021 [− 0.031 − 0.011] × 109/L) lower monocyte count than uninfected controls, and in adjusted analyses HIV status was independently associated with − 0.035 [− 0.045, − 0.025] × 109/L lower monocyte count. In contrast, PLWH had higher sCD163 and sCD14 concentrations than uninfected controls. After adjustment, HIV-status was associated with higher sCD14 and sCD163 concentrations (588 [325, 851] ng/ml, and 194 [57, 330] ng/ml, respectively).
Conclusion
PLWH had lower monocyte counts than controls, but the absolute difference was small, and any clinical impact is likely limited. In contrast, concentrations of monocyte activation markers, previously implicated as drivers of non-AIDS comorbidity, were higher in PLWH than in controls.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, data on virologic outcomes of young people living with HIV (YLWH) enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains scarce. In this study, we describe the prevalence of HIV virological non-suppression (VNS) and its associated factors among YLWH aged 18–24 years from the Kenyan coast.
Methods
Data were analyzed for 384 YLWH who participated in a larger cross-sectional study conducted between November 2018 and September 2019 in two counties at the Kenyan coast (Kilifi and Mombasa). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics and logistic regression was used for statistical modeling of factors associated with VNS. In this study, VNS was defined as plasma viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL.
Results
Among these YLWH with a mean age of 20.7 years (SD = 2.2); 55.5% females, the overall prevalence of VNS was 32.0% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI): 27.5, 36.9%). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, being from a largely rural setting (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 1.73, 95% CI 1.10, 2.71; p = 0.02), underweight (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.16, 3.01; p = 0.01) and low self-reported ART adherence (aOR 2.83, 95% CI 1.34, 6.00; p = 0.01) were significantly associated with higher odds of VNS in YLWH.
Conclusions
In this study, high levels of VNS were observed among YLWH and this was significantly associated with rural residency, nutritional and ART adherence problems. ART adherence counselling and nutritional support and education should be intensified in this setting targeting YLWH residing mostly in rural areas. Given the high frequency of VNS, there is need to closely monitor viral load and profile HIV drug resistance patterns in youths from the Kenyan coast with confirmed virologic failure. The latter will help understand whether drug resistance also contributes to poor viral suppression in addition to, or exclusive of suboptimal ART adherence.
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Zhiwei Xie, Kai Deng, Yang Xia, Chunlan Zhang, Min Xu, Feng Li, Jinfeng Liu, Yuanping Zhou, Xiaoping Chen, Xuefu Chen, Qin Yan, Jing Huang, Wenli Chen, Shuduo Wu, Honglian Bai, Jianping Li, Yujuan Guan
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Gervillien Arnold Malonga, Sidi Dienta, Fatoumata Tata Traore, Zalihatou Maiga, Alhassane Ba, Ousmane Faye, Elodie Chicaud, Stéphane Marot, Vincent Calvez, Anne‐Geneviève Marcelin, Aude Jary, Almoustapha Issiaka Maiga
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Maxime Inghels, Ros Kane, Priya Lall, David Nelson, Agnes Nanyonjo, Zahid Asghar, Derek Ward, Tracy McCranor, Tony Kavanagh, Todd Hogue, Jaspreet Phull, Frank Tanser
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
The reason why Black and South Asian healthcare workers are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. We aim to quantify risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among ethnic minority healthcare staff and elucidate pathways of infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSorana Segal-Maurer, Edwin DeJesus, Hans-Jurgen Stellbrink, Antonella Castagna, Gary J. Richmond, Gary I. Sinclair, Krittaecho Siripassorn, Peter J. Ruane, Mezgebe Berhe, Hui Wang, Nicolas A. Margot, Hadas Dvory-Sobol, Robert H. Hyland, Diana M. Brainard, Martin S. Rhee, Jared M. Baeten, Jean-Michel Molina
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 19, Page 1793-1803, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJeanne Marrazzo
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 19, Page 1848-1849, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedC. Buddy Creech, Evan Anderson, Vladimir Berthaud, Inci Yildirim, Andrew M. Atz, Ivan Melendez Baez, Daniel Finkelstein, Paul Pickrell, Judith Kirstein, Clifford Yut, Ronald Blair, Robert A. Clifford, Michael Dunn, James D. Campbell, David C. Montefiori, Joanne E. Tomassini, Xiaoping Zhao, Weiping Deng, Honghong Zhou, Daniela Ramirez Schrempp, Kelly Hautzinger, Bethany Girard, Karen Slobod, Roderick McPhee, Rolando Pajon, Rituparna Das, Jacqueline M. Miller, Sabine Schnyder Ghamloush
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022