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Shinya Tsuzuki, Kayoko Hayakawa, Yukari Uemura, Tomohiro Shinozaki, Nobuaki Matsunaga, Mari Terada, Setsuko Suzuki, Yusuke Asai, Koji Kitajima, Sho Saito, Gen Yamada, Taro Shibata, Masashi Kondo, Kazuo Izumi, Masayuki Hojo, Tetsuya Mizoue, Kazuhisa Yokota, Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama, Fumitake Saito, Wataru Sugiura, Norio Ohmagari
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
: Although several randomized controlled trials have compared the efficacy of remdesivir with that of placebo, there is limited evidence regarding its effect in the early stage of nonsevere COVID-19 cases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSung Kyun Kim, Il-Seok Park, Seok Jin Hong, Dae Myoung Yoo, Chanyang Min, Hyo Geun Choi
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
: Pneumonia and chronic otitis media (COM) share a common pathophysiological mechanism in terms of respiratory infection and inflammation, but the epidemiological association between the two diseases has not been investigated. We investigated the association between an event of COM and prior events of pneumonia in a national cohort.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSachin Dhumal, Amar Patil, Ashwini More, Sujeet Kamtalwar, Amit Joshi, Anant Gokarn, Sumeet Mirgh, Puneeth Thatikonda, Prasanth Bhat, Vedang Murthy, Preeti Chavan, Amey Oak, Suvarna Gore, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Nikhil Patkar, Sadhana Kannan, Nitin Shetty, Anjali Rawat, Meera Achrekar, Bhakti Trivedi, Siddhartha Laskar, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Rajendra Badwe, Navin Khattry, Sudeep Gupta
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Cucunawangsih Cucunawangsih, Ratna Sari Wijaya, Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito, Ivet Suriapranata
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the frontline battling against the COVID-19 pandemic and are categorized as a priority target group for COVID-19 vaccines. CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, China), inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, was the initially available vaccine platform and primarily administered for Indonesian HCWs. Although previous clinical trial studies in China (Zhang et al., 2021) and Turkey (Tanriover et al., 2021) have evidenced the immunogenicity of two-dose CoronaVac, the antibody levels predictive for SARS-CoV-2 protection have declined over time (Mok et al., 2021).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRafael Dias, João Paulo Caldas, André Silva-Pinto, Andreia Costa, António Sarmento, Lurdes Santos
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Serdar ATA, Timucin Cil, Berna B. DUMAN, Nevzat Unal
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Perumal Arumugam Desingu, K. Nagarajan
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Abstract
Background
The short-term 0–1–2-month hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination schedule was previously implemented in the adult population; however, its long-term immune effect remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate (1) the 2-month and 2-year immune effects of HBV vaccination and (2) the compliance rate between the 0–1–2-month and 0–1–6-month vaccination schedules in adults.
Method
A total of 1281 subjects tested for hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg(−) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)(−) were recruited. Participants from two distant counties were inoculated with the hepatitis B yeast vaccine at 10 µg per dose, with vaccination schedules of 0, 1, and 2 months (n = 606) and 0, 1, and 6 months (n = 675); sequential follow-up was performed at 2 months and 2 years after the 3rd injection.
Results
There were no significant differences in the anti-HBs seroconversion rates between the those in the 0–1–2-month and 0–1–6-month vaccination schedule groups at 2 months (91.96% vs. 89.42%, p = 0.229) and 2 years (81.06% vs. 77.14%, p = 0.217). The quantitative anti-HBs level in those in the 0–1–2-month vaccination schedule group was not different from that in those in the 0–1–6-month vaccination schedule group at 2 months (anti-HBs1) (342.12 ± 378.42 mIU/ml vs. 392.38 ± 391.96 mIU/ml, p = 0.062), but it was higher at 2 years (anti-HBs2) (198.37 ± 286.44 mIU/ml vs. 155.65 ± 271.73 mIU/ml, p = 0.048). According to the subgroup analysis, the 0–1–2-month vaccination schedule induced better maintenance (p = 0.041) and longer reinforcement (p = 0.019) than the 0–1–6 vaccination schedule. The 0–1–2-month vaccination schedule group also had a higher 3rd injection completion rate (89.49% vs. 84.49%, p = 0.010).
Conclusion
The 0–1–2-month vaccination schedule was associated with a similar short-term immune effect and might induce better long-term immune memory and a higher completion rate in the adult population.
Trial registration None
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to compare the diagnostic value of the single or combined applications of transient elastography (TE) and multivariate indicators with biopsy for the detection of liver fibrosis in children caused by chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
Methods
This study included 148 CHB children treated at Hunan Children’s Hospital from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2018, aged from 0.83 to 14.58 years old. All patients underwent liver biopsy (LB), of which 43 patients underwent TE. Multiple clinical data, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Platelet (PLT), and HBV-deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) of all patients were collected. The diagnostic values for CHB of TE and its combinations with these indicators were measured. The patients were classified in two ways: no hepatic fibrosis group (F0) versus fibrosis group (F ≥ 1), and no significant hepatic fibrosis group (F < 2) versus significant hepatic fibrosis group (F ≥ 2). The statistical assessment was performed between groups within each classification to compare the diagnostic value of different parameters.
Results
The operating characteristic area under curve (AUC) of liver fibrosis diagnosed by liver stiffness measurement (LSM) which obtained by TE, AST-to-PLT ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) were 0.740, 0.701, and 0.651, while the corresponding cut-off values were 5.9 kPa, 0.50, and 0.10, respectively. The AUC of significant liver fibrosis diagnosed by LSM, APRI and FIB-4 were 0.849, 0.701, and 0.509, while the corresponding cut-off values were 8.4 kPa, 0.76, and 0.08, respectively. While with the combinations of LSM and APRI, LSM and FIB-4, LSM and APRI and FIB-4, APRI and FIB-4, the AUC of significant liver fibrosis were 0.866, 0.855, 0.869, and 0.684, respectively. The AUC of significant liver fibrosis diagnosed by the LSM was significantly higher than APRI and FIB-4.
Conclusions
The diagnostic value of transient elastography was better than that of APRI and FIB-4 for CHB children with significant liver fibrosis. In addition, TE also has relatively high application values on the diagnosis of patients with different degrees of liver fibrosis caused by CHB.
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Shirin Moossavi, Marie-Claire Arrieta, Amir Sanati-Nezhad, Faraz Bishehsari
Trends in Microbiology, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
There is a growing interest to understand if and how the gut microbiome is causally linked to the pathogenesis and/or progression of diseases. While in vitro cell line models are commonly used for studying specific aspects of the host–microbe interaction, gnotobiotic murine models are considered the preferred platform for studying causality in microbiome research. Nevertheless, findings from animal studies provide limited opportunity for delineating various areas of interest to the human gut microbiome research.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNicole S. Isles, Andre Mu, Jason C. Kwong, Benjamin P. Howden, Timothy P. Stinear
Trends in Microbiology, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
The human gut is host to a diverse range of microorganisms that offer protection against colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic use, medications, health conditions, and lifestyle factors can alter the composition of the gut microbiota in such a way that results in loss of colonization resistance and increased susceptibility to invading pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therapeutics aiming to restore a diverse and protective microbiome are fast advancing. In this review, we focus on the compositional changes within the gut microbiome that are associated with colonization resistance and discuss their use as potential targets for therapeutics or diagnostics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWinka Le Clec’h, Stephanie Nordmeyer, Timothy J.C. Anderson, Frédéric D. Chevalier
Trends in Parasitology, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 19.02.2022
Aquatic snails, the intermediate hosts of schistosomes, harbor a diverse unexplored microbiome. We speculate that this may play a critical role in host–parasite interactions. We summarize our current knowledge of snail microbiomes and highlight future research priorities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCarlos Cifuentes-González, Estefanía Zapata-Bravo, María Camila Sierra-Cote, Laura Boada-Robayo, Ángela Paola Vargas-Largo, Juliana Reyes-Guanes, Alejandra de-la-Torre
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
: This study aims to describe the incidence of ocular involvement in patients with toxoplasmosis, and describe the sociodemographic characteristics by age, sex, and region in Colombia, based on the National Health Registry of data between January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGabriel E. Fabreau, Linda Holdbrook, Cheryl E. Peters, Paul E. Ronksley, Amir Attaran, Kerry McBrien, Kevin Pottie
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Migrant populations in high-income countries have faced myriad health and social inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Migrants often work in frontline essential services that expose them to COVID-19. Migrant workers in meat processing plants have endured large COVID-19 outbreaks across multiple countries.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrian L. Levy, Karl Vachuska, S. V. Subramanian, Robert J. Sampson
Science Advances, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/7'>Volume 8, Issue 7</a>, February 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMeredith B. Brooks, Melanie M. Dubois, Amyn A. Malik, Junaid F. Ahmed, Sara Siddiqui, Salman Khan, Manzoor Brohi, Teerath Das Valecha, Farhana Amanullah, Mercedes C. Becerra, Hamidah Hussain
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Meredith B. Brooks, Melanie M. Dubois, Amyn A. Malik, Junaid F. Ahmed, Sara Siddiqui, Salman Khan, Manzoor Brohi, Teerath Das Valecha, Farhana Amanullah, Mercedes C. Becerra, Hamidah Hussain
Objective To apply a cascade-of-care framework to evaluate the effectiveness—by age of the child—of an intensified tuberculosis patient-finding intervention. Design From a prospective screening program at four hospitals in Pakistan (2014–2016) we constructed a care cascade comprising six steps: screened, positive screen, evaluated, diagnosed, started treatment, and successful outcome. We evaluated the cascade by each year of age from 0 to 14 and report the age-specific mean proportion and standard deviation. Results On average across all ages, only 12.5% (standard deviation: 2.0%) of children with a positive screen were not evaluated. Among children who had a complete evaluation, the highest percentages of children diagnosed with tuberculosis were observed in children 0–4 (mean: 31.9%; standard deviation: 4.8%), followed by lower percentages in children 5–9 (mean: 22.4%; standard deviation: 2.2%), and 10–14 (mean: 26.0%; standard deviation:5.4%). Nearly all children diagnosed with tuberculosis initiated treatment, and an average of 93.3% (standard deviation: 3.3%) across all ages had successful treatment outcomes. Conclusions This intervention was highly effective across ages 0–14 years. Our study illustrates the utility of applying operational analyses of age-stratified cascades to identify age-specific gaps in pediatric tuberculosis care that can guide future, novel interventions to close these gaps.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJozef Lukáč, Cecília Olexová, Zuzana Kudlová
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Jozef Lukáč, Cecília Olexová, Zuzana Kudlová
A key factor for business management is the assessment of the financial situation of companies. Nowadays, it is essential to monitor the liquidity crisis, which is closely linked to corporate crises. The aim of the paper is to analyse a selected sector of the economy from the perspective of the corporate crisis and to identify the factors of crisis. More than 2000 engineering companies in Slovakia were analysed during the period from 2015 to 2019 with the aim of analysing financial results, especially in the area of financial forecast for the future. In the analysis, statistical testing of the significance of relationships using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the significance of differences by the power of t-test, regression and clustering were used. A significant part of the paper is the analysis of selected indicators of the company’s crisis—Altman’s Z score and the IN05 index. The results indicate that engineering companies in Slovakia are achieving good results and their financial situation is improving within the years between 2015–2019. The results can also be used as a starting point for research concerning the impact of COVID-19 in this area. In the context of corporate crisis management, engineering companies behave in the same way but it is necessary to monitor individual factors that can detect a corporate crisis. Possible measures would thus lead to the stabilization of financial results and long-term sustainable positive prospects for companies in the future.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDamtew Solomon, Kebebe Bekele, Daniel Atlaw, Ayele Mamo, Habtamu Gezahegn, Tadele Regasa, Getahun Negash, Eshetu Nigussie, Demissu Zenbaba, Zinash Teferu, Fikadu Nugusu, Gela Atlie
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Damtew Solomon, Kebebe Bekele, Daniel Atlaw, Ayele Mamo, Habtamu Gezahegn, Tadele Regasa, Getahun Negash, Eshetu Nigussie, Demissu Zenbaba, Zinash Teferu, Fikadu Nugusu, Gela Atlie
Background Anemia found in diabetes patients is often unrecognized like many other chronic diseases. The occurrence of anemia is also an additional burden to the micro vascular complications of patients with diabetes. In the selected study structure no published data were found on the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in diabetic patients. Hence, the findings of this study are very fruitful as an input for further studies and after the repetition of similar studies in different frameworks. It is helpful as input for the development of guidelines at diabetes clinics to request the laboratory assessment of hemoglobin as a routine activity. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among diabetic patients who attended Bale zone hospitals. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 2020–to January 2021 GC among adult diabetic patients who had follow-up at Bale zone hospitals. A total of 238 study participants were determined by single population proportion sample size calculation formula taking prevalence of anemia among adult diabetic patients 19.0%. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Information on demographic and associated factors of anemia in diabetic patients was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Blood sample collection was performed under aseptic conditions by a licensed medical laboratory professional. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1, cleaned and exported to statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25 software tools. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with anemia in diabetic patients. P-value less than 0.05 and 95% CI were considered as statistically significant. The odds ratios were reported to indicate the strength of associations. Frequencies, percentages, charts and tables were used to summarize the characteristics of study participants. Results In this study anemia among adult diabetic patients is 18.1% (95% CI (13.2, 23.0%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the sex of the study participants and the type of diabetes mellitus were found to be statistically significant to associate with anemia. The odds of having anemia among females are nearly three times higher when compared with males (AOR 2.78, 95% CI 1.40–5.52). In addition, the odds of having anemia among adult diabetic patients who had type II diabetes mellitus (AOR 2.18, 95%CI 1.04–4.54) were 2.18 times higher than those who had type I diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion Nearly one out of five adult diabetic patients had anemia. Sex of the patients and the type of diabetes are associated with anemia among adult diabetic patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedManel Boumegouas, Manjunath Raju, Joseph Gardiner, Neal Hammer, Yehia Saleh, Abdullah Al-Abcha, Apoorv Kalra, George S. Abela
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Manel Boumegouas, Manjunath Raju, Joseph Gardiner, Neal Hammer, Yehia Saleh, Abdullah Al-Abcha, Apoorv Kalra, George S. Abela
Background The interaction between pathogenic bacteria and cholesterol crystals (CCs) has not been investigated. However, CCs are found extensively in atherosclerotic plaques and sclerotic cardiac valves. Interactions between pathogenic bacteria and CCs could provide insights into destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and bacterial adhesion to cardiac valves. Methods Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to assess in vitro bacterial adhesion to CCs and proliferation in the presence of CCs compared to plastic microspheres and glass shards as controls. Ex vivo studies evaluated bacterial adhesion to atherosclerotic rabbit arteries compared to normal arteries and human atherosclerotic carotid plaques compared to normal carotid arteries. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize bacterial adhesion to CCs and confocal microscopy was used to detect cholesterol binding to bacteria grown in the presence or absence of CCs. Results In vitro, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa displayed significantly greater adhesion, 36% (p<0.0001) and 89% (p<0.0001), respectively, and growth upon exposure to CCs compared to microspheres or glass shards. Rabbit and human atherosclerotic arteries contained significantly greater bacterial burdens compared to controls (4× (p<0.0004); 3× (p<0.019), respectively. SEM demonstrated that bacteria adhered and appeared to degrade CCs. Consistent with this, confocal microscopy indicated increased cholesterol bound to the bacterial cells. Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate an interaction between bacteria and CCs showing that bacteria dissolve and bind to CCs. This interaction helps to elucidate adhesion of bacteria to sclerotic valves and atherosclerotic plaques that may contribute to endocarditis and plaque destabilization.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIsmaila Sonko, Min-Huey Chung, Wen-Hsuan Hou, Wei-Ti Chen, Pi-Chen Chang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Ismaila Sonko, Min-Huey Chung, Wen-Hsuan Hou, Wei-Ti Chen, Pi-Chen Chang
Background Worldwide, an estimated 38.0 million people lived with the human immunodeficiency virus in 2019, and 3.4 million young people aged 15~24 years were living with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a significant HIV burden with West and Central Africa most affected with HIV. Among the young people living with HIV in West and Central Africa, an estimated 810,000 were aged 15~24 years. This study aimed to assess predictors that influence the uptake of HIV testing among youth aged 15~24 years in The Gambia. Methods The 2013 Gambia Demographic and Health Survey data for youth aged 15~24 years was used. The Andersen behavioral model of health service use guided this study. A cross-sectional study design was used on 6194 subjects, among which 4730 were female. The analysis employed Chi-squared tests and hierarchical logistic regression. Results Less than one-quarter of the youth 1404 (22.6%) had ever been tested for HIV. Young people aged 20~24 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.98), who were females (aOR: 1.13), married youth (aOR: 3.89), with a primary (aOR: 1.23), secondary or higher education (aOR: 1.46), and who were from the Jola/Karoninka ethnic group (aOR: 1.81), had higher odds of having been tested for HIV. Those with adequate HIV knowledge and those who were sexually active and had aged at first sex ≥15 years (aOR: 3.99) and those
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEtienne Simon-Loriere, Olivier Schwartz
Nat Rev Microbiol, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Nature Reviews Microbiology, Published online: 18 February 2022; doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00708-xThe magnitude of immune evasion of Omicron raises the question whether it should be considered as a distinct SARS-CoV-2 serotype. Here, we discuss lines of evidence in support or against the concept of SARS-CoV-2 serotypes, and the implications of this classification.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmerging Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
Uriu K, Cárdenas P, Muñoz E, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractWe have recently revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant shows a pronounced resistance to antibodies elicited by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. However, it remains unclear which mutations determine the resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Mu to antiviral sera. Also, it is unclear how SARS-CoV-2 Mu infection induces antiviral immunity. Here we reveal that the two mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Mu spike protein, YY144-145TSN and E484K, are responsible for the resistance to COVID-19 convalescent sera during early 2020 and vaccine sera. Notably, the convalescent sera of SARS-CoV-2 Mu-infected individuals are broadly antiviral against Mu as well as other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBeall B, Chochua S, Li Z, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates forming genomic clusters can reflect rapid disease transmission between vulnerable individuals.MethodsWe performed whole genome sequencing of 2820 IPD isolates recovered during 2019 through CDC’s Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) to provide strain information (serotypes, resistance, genotypes), and 2778 of these genomes were analyzed to detect highly related genomic clusters.ResultsIsolates from persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) were more often within genomic clusters than those from persons not experiencing homelessness (PNEH) (105/198, 53.0% vs 592/2551, 23.2%, p<0.001). The 4 western sites accounted for 33.4% (929/2778) of isolates subjected to cluster analysis yet accounted for 48.7% (343/705) of clustering isolates (p<0.001) and 150/198 (75.8%) isolates recovered from PEH (p<0.001). Serotypes most frequent among PEH were (in rank order) 12F, 4, 3, 9N, 8, 20, and 22F, all of which were among the 10 serotypes exhibiting the highest proportions of clustering isolates among all cases. These serotypes accounted for 44.9% (1265/2820) of all IPD cases and are included within available vaccines.ConclusionsWe identified serotype-specific and geographic differences in IPD transmission. We show the vulnerability of PEH within different regions to rapidly spreading IPD transmission networks representing several pneumococcal serotypes included in available vaccines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedThiede S, Snitkin E, Trick W, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundHospital-onset (HO-) MRSA infections have declined over the past decade due to infection control strategies; community-onset (CO-) and healthcare-associated community-onset (HACO-) MRSA, particularly USA300, have declined less. We examined the role of community strains to explain the difference.MethodsWe performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on MRSA clinical isolates from Cook County Health patients during 2011-2014. We defined infections as CO, HO, or HACO epidemiologically. We integrated genomic, community exposure, and statewide hospital discharge data to infer MRSA origin.ResultsAmong 1020 individuals with available WGS, most were USA300 wound infections (580 CO, 143 HO, 297 HACO). USA300 HO, CO, and HACO infections were intermixed on the USA300 phylogeny consistent with common strains circulating across community and healthcare settings. Community exposures (e.g. substance abuse, incarceration, homelessness) were associated with HACO and HO infections, and genetically-linked individuals from both groups had little overlap in healthcare facilities, supporting community origins. Most repeat infections—over months-to-years—occurred in individuals persistently carrying their own strains. These individuals were more likely to have genetic linkages, suggesting a role of persistent colonization in transmission.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce presumed nosocomial USA300 spread may require understanding and controlling community sources and transmission networks, particularly for repeat infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTepekule B, Kusejko K, Zeeb M, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractWhile an increased risk of active and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in people with type-2 diabetes (DM) has been demonstrated, it is less well characterized whether LTBI is associated with an increased risk of developing DM. We investigated the link between LTBI and DM in people living with HIV (PHIV) in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study via time-dependent cox proportional hazards models. We found that LTBI significantly increased the risk of developing DM (HR=1.47), which was robust across different adjustment and censoring techniques. Our results thus suggest that LTBI may be associated with an increased risk of developing DM.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMeyer M, Ruebsteck E, Eifinger F, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractThe aim of this retrospective analysis was to provide information on how infections with RSV and SARS-CoV-2 differ in symptoms, clinical course, outcome and the utilization of hospital care. We investigated 748 PCR results from symptomatic children aged 0 - 4 years in Cologne, Germany. 169 patients were tested positive for RSV (22.6%) and 24 children for SARS-CoV-2 (3.2%). Symptomatic patients with RSV-infection were hospitalized significantly longer. RSV-positive patients needed O2-supplementation significantly more often as well as High Flow-therapy. With regard to care efforts, RSV-infected patients put higher pressure on the hospital and utilized more hospital resources.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJohnson R, Asashima H, Mohanty S, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractChlamydia trachomatis serovars A-L cause important diseases of the eyes and reproductive tract by infecting epithelium lining those organs. A major hurdle for vaccine trials is finding a surrogate biomarker for protective immunity. Investigational data argues for T cell biomarker(s) reflecting mucosal adaption, cytokine polarization, B cell help, antibacterial effector mechanisms, or some combination thereof. A human investigation and two mouse studies link IL-13 to protection from infection/immunopathology. We performed RNAseq on T cells resident in spleens and genital tracts (gt) of naturally immune mice. CD4 signatures were consistent with helper function that differed by site including a gt specific Fgl2 signal. The gt CD8 signature featured IL-10 and promotion of healing/scarring with a unique transcription of granzyme A. The RNAseq data was used to refine previously published CD4γ13 and CD8γ13 transcriptomes derived from protective T cell clones, potentially identifying practicable T cell subset signatures for assessing chlamydia vaccine candidates.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNoh J, Yang J, Hwang S, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractA prospective cohort study was conducted for adults diagnosed with COVID-19. Convalescent blood was obtained at 4, 6, and 11 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The seropositivity of anti-spike antibody was maintained in all patients (100%) until 11 months after COVID-19. Neutralizing antibody levels against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 gradually decreased but remained positive in more than 50% of patients 11 months after diagnosis: 98.5% (67/68) at 4 months, 86.8% (46/53) at 6 months, and 58.8% (40/68). However, cross-neutralizing activity against the Beta and Delta variants was attenuated 2.53-fold and 2.93-fold, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVaca D, Dobler G, Fischer S, et al.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 17.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractMany of the human infectious pathogens - especially the zoonotic or vector-borne bacteria - are fastidious organisms which are difficult to cultivate because of their strong adaption to the infected host culminating in their near complete physiological dependence on this environment. These bacterial species exhibit reduced multiplication rates once they are removed from their optimal ecological niche. This fact complicates the laboratory diagnosis of the disease and hinders the detection and further characterization of the underlying organisms, e.g. at the level of their resistance to antibiotics due to their slow growth. Here, we describe the current state of microbiological diagnostics for five genera of human pathogens with a fastidious laboratory lifestyle. For Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Orientia spp., and Rickettsia spp. we will summarize the existing diagnostic protocols, the specific limitations for implementation of novel diagnostic approaches, and the need for further optimization or expansion of the diagnostic armamentarium. We will reflect upon the diagnostic opportunities provided by new technologies including mass spectrometry and next-generation nucleic acid sequencing. Finally, we will review the (im)possibilities of rapidly developing new in vitro diagnostic tools for diseases of which the causative agents are fastidiously growing and therefore hard to detect.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMartyn J, Gomez-Valero L, Buchrieser C.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 16.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractIntracellular pathogens that are able to thrive in different environments, such as Legionella spp. which preferentially live in protozoa in aquatic environments or environmental Chlamydiae which replicate either within protozoa or a range of animals, possess a plethora of cellular biology tools to influence their eukaryotic host. The host manipulation tools that evolved in the interaction with protozoa, confer these bacteria the capacity to also infect phylogenetically distinct eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages and thus they can also be human pathogens. To manipulate the host cell, bacteria use protein secretion systems and molecular effectors. Although these molecular effectors are encoded in bacteria, they are expressed and function in a eukaryotic context often mimicking or inhibiting eukaryotic proteins. Indeed, many of these effectors have eukaryotic-like domains. In this review we propose that the main pathways environmental intracellular bacteria need to subvert in order to establish the host eukaryotic cell as a replication niche are chromatin remodelling, ubiquitination signalling, and modulation of protein-protein interactions via tandem repeat domains. We then provide mechanistic insight into how these proteins might have evolved as molecular weapons. Finally, we highlight that in environmental intracellular bacteria the number of eukaryotic-like domains and proteins is considerably higher than in intracellular bacteria specialised to an isolated niche, such as obligate intracellular human pathogens. As mimics of eukaryotic proteins are critical components of host pathogen interactions, this distribution of eukaryotic-like domains suggests that the environment has selected them.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLi C, Ye Z, Zhang A, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundThe role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathogenesis of testicular damage is uncertain.MethodsWe investigated the virological, pathological, and immunological changes in testes of hamsters challenged by SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and its variants by intranasal or direct testicular inoculation using influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 as control.ResultsBesides self-limiting respiratory tract infection, intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge caused acute decrease in sperm count, and serum testosterone and inhibin B at 4 to 7 days post-infection (dpi), and subsequently reduced testicular size and weight, and serum sex hormone level at 42 to 120 dpi. Acute histopathological damage with varying degree of testicular inflammation, haemorrhage, and necrosis, degeneration of seminiferous tubules and disruption of orderly spermatogenesis were seen with increasing virus inoculum. Degeneration and necrosis of Sertoli and Leydig cells were found. Though viral loads and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapid (N) protein expression were markedly lower in testicular than lung tissues, direct intra-testicular injection showed N expressing interstitial cells and epididymal epithelial cells. Control intranasal or intra-testicular challenge by A(H1N1)pdm09 showed no testicular infection or damage. From 7 to 120 dpi, degeneration and apoptosis of seminiferous tubules, immune complex deposition and depletion of spermatogenic cell and spermatozoa persisted. Intranasal challenge with Omicron and Delta variants could also induce similar testicular changes. These testicular damages can be prevented by vaccination.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 can cause acute testicular damage with subsequent chronic asymmetric testicular atrophy and associated hormonal changes despite a self-limiting pneumonia in hamsters. Awareness of possible hypogonadism and subfertility is important in managing convalescent COVID-19 males.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrizzi A, O’Driscoll M, Dorigatti I.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundEstimating the transmissibility of infectious diseases is key to inform situational awareness and for response planning. Several methods tend to overestimate the basic (R0) and effective (Rt) reproduction numbers during the initial phases of an epidemic. The reasons driving the observed bias are unknown. In this work we explore the impact of incomplete observations and underreporting of the first generations of infections during the initial epidemic phase.MethodsWe propose a debiasing procedure which utilises a linear exponential growth model to infer unobserved initial generations of infections and apply it to EpiEstim. We assess the performance of our adjustment using simulated data, considering different levels of transmissibility and reporting rates. We also apply the proposed correction to SARS-CoV-2 incidence data reported in Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.ResultsIn all simulation scenarios, our adjustment outperforms the original EpiEstim method. The proposed correction reduces the systematic bias and the quantification of uncertainty is more precise, as better coverage of the true R0 values is achieved with tighter credible intervals. When applied to real world data, the proposed adjustment produces basic reproduction number estimates which closely match the estimates obtained in other studies while making use of a minimal amount of data.ConclusionsThe proposed adjustment refines the reproduction number estimates obtained with the current EpiEstim implementation by producing improved, more precise estimates earlier than with the original method. This has relevant public health implications.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedScully E, Aga E, Tsibris A, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundBiological sex and the estrogen receptor (ESR1) modulate residual HIV activity. Few women have been enrolled in clinical trials of latency reversal agents(LRAs); their effectiveness in women is unknown. We hypothesized that ESR1 antagonism would augment induction of HIV expression by the LRA vorinostat.MethodsACTG A5366 enrolled 31 virologically suppressed, postmenopausal women on antiretroviral therapy(ART). Participants were randomized 2:1 to receive tamoxifen(Arm A, TAMOX/VOR) or observation(Arm B, VOR) for five weeks followed by two doses of vorinostat. Primary endpoints were safety and the difference between arms in HIV RNA induction after vorinostat. Secondary analyses included histone 4 acetylation, HIV DNA, and plasma viremia by single copy assay(SCA).ResultsNo significant adverse events were attributed to study treatments. Tamoxifen did not enhance vorinostat-induced HIV transcription (between-arm ratio 0.8 [95% CI 0.2,2.4]). Induction of spliced HIV RNA transcripts was higher among the 18 participants with increases in H4Ac (fold increase 2.78 [95% CI 1.34,5.79]) versus the 9 who did not (fold increase 1.04 [95% CI 0.25,4.29]). HIV DNA and plasma viremia by SCA did not substantially change.ConclusionsTamoxifen did not augment vorinostat-induced HIV RNA expression in post-menopausal women. The modest latency reversal activity of vorinostat, postmenopausal status and HIV RNA near the limits of quantification limited assessment of the impact of tamoxifen. This study is the first HIV cure trial done exclusively in women, establishes both the feasibility and necessity of investigating novel HIV cure strategies in women living with HIV.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBecerra-Culqui T, Getahun D, Chiu V, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
AbstractBackgroundAs prenatal vaccinations continue to be given more frequently, it is important to assess long-term safety events. This study investigates the association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of mother-child pairs with deliveries 1/1/2011-12/31/2014 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California was performed. Children >1 year were followed through 12/31/2018. Maternal influenza vaccination or infection during pregnancy was obtained from electronic health records. ASD was defined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th Revision codes after age 1 year. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the crude and inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) hazard ratios (HR) for the association between maternal influenza vaccination or infection and ASD.ResultsThere were 84,739 mother-child pairs included in the final analytic sample. Maternal vaccination coverage increased slightly over time, from 52.7% for 2011 births to 59.6% for 2014 births. Of the 46,257 women vaccinated, 32.4% were vaccinated during the 1 st trimester, 41.8% during the 2 nd trimester, and 25.8% during the 3 rd trimester. ASD was diagnosed in 1,930 (2.3%) children. The IPTW analyses showed no association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and ASD in offspring (HR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95, 1.13; HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.89, respectively).ConclusionsPrenatal influenza vaccination or infection was not associated with ASD risk in offspring. The findings support recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women to protect themselves and their infants, both of whom are vulnerable to severe morbidity following infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGurpreet Kaur Suri, Shivraj Braich, Dianne M. Noy, Garry M. Rosewarne, Noel O. I. Cogan, Sukhjiwan Kaur
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Gurpreet Kaur Suri, Shivraj Braich, Dianne M. Noy, Garry M. Rosewarne, Noel O. I. Cogan, Sukhjiwan Kaur
Heterosis is defined as increased performance of the F1 hybrid relative to its parents. In the current study, a cohort of populations and parents were created to evaluate and understand heterosis across generations (i.e., F1 to F3) in lentil, a self-pollinated annual diploid (2n = 2× = 14) crop species. Lentil plants were evaluated for heterotic traits in terms of plant height, biomass fresh weight, seed number, yield per plant and 100 grain weight. A total of 47 selected lentil genotypes were cross hybridized to generate 72 F1 hybrids. The F1 hybrids from the top five crosses exhibited between 31%–62% heterosis for seed number with reference to the better parent. The five best performing heterotic crosses were selected with a negative control for evaluation at the subsequent F2 generation and only the tails of the distribution taken forward to be assessed in the F3 generation as a sub selection. Overall, heterosis decreases across the subsequent generations for all traits studied. However, some individual genotypes were identified at the F2 and sub-selected F3 generations with higher levels of heterosis than the best F1 mean value (hybrid mimics). The phenotypic data for the selected F2 and sub selected F3 hybrids were analysed, and the study suggested that 100 grain weight was the biggest driver of yield followed by seed number. A genetic diversity analysis of all the F1 parents failed to correlate genetic distance and divergence among parents with heterotic F1’s. Therefore, genetic distance was not a key factor to determine heterosis in lentil. The study highlights the challenges associated with different breeding systems for heterosis (i.e., F1 hybrid-based breeding systems and/or via hybrid mimics) but demonstrates the potential significant gains that could be achieved in lentil productivity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYoshihito Uchida, Masamitsu Nakao, Shunsuke Yamada, Shohei Tsuji, Hayato Uemura, Jun-ichi Kouyama, Kayoko Naiki, Kayoko Sugawara, Nobuaki Nakayama, Yukinori Imai, Tomoaki Tomiya, Satoshi Mochida
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Yoshihito Uchida, Masamitsu Nakao, Shunsuke Yamada, Shohei Tsuji, Hayato Uemura, Jun-ichi Kouyama, Kayoko Naiki, Kayoko Sugawara, Nobuaki Nakayama, Yukinori Imai, Tomoaki Tomiya, Satoshi Mochida
Background To evaluate the long-term efficacy of switching of the nucleos(t)ide analog used for treatment from entecavir (ETV) to tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) in patients with chronic HBV infection. Methods A total of 103 patients with serum HBsAg levels of ≥100 IU/mL who had received ETV were enrolled. The nucleos(t)ide analog used for the treatment was switched from ETV to TAF, and the changes in serum HBsAg levels during the 144-week period before and after the drug switching were compared in 74 patients who had received ETV at least for 192 weeks. Results Significant decreases of serum HBsAg levels were observed during both the ETV and the TAF administration period, although the degree of reduction was greater during the latter period than during the former period (p<0.001). Significant decreases of serum HBsAg levels were seen in both patients with genotype B HBV infection and genotype C HBV infection, irrespective of the serum HBsAg and HBcrAg levels at the time of the drug switching. Conclusion Switching of the nucleos(t)ide analog used for treatment from ETV to TAF merits consideration in patients with chronic HBV infection, since the extent of reduction of the serum HBsAg level was greater during the TAF treatment period than during the ETV treatment period.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMi Yeon Hong, Ji Won Yoon
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.02.2022
Tilføjet 18.02.2022
by Mi Yeon Hong, Ji Won Yoon
The purpose of our study is to figure out the transitions of the cryptocurrency market due to the outbreak of COVID-19 through network analysis, and we studied the complexity of the market from different perspectives. To construct a cryptocurrency network, we first apply a mutual information method to the daily log return values of 102 digital currencies from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020, and also apply a correlation coefficient method for comparison. Based on these two methods, we construct networks by applying the minimum spanning tree and the planar maximally filtered graph. Furthermore, we study the statistical and topological properties of these networks. Numerical results demonstrate that the degree distribution follows the power-law and the graphs after the COVID-19 outbreak have noticeable differences in network measurements compared to before. Moreover, the results of graphs constructed by each method are different in topological and statistical properties and the network’s behavior. In particular, during the post-COVID-19 period, it can be seen that Ethereum and Qtum are the most influential cryptocurrencies in both methods. Our results provide insight and expectations for investors in terms of sharing information about cryptocurrencies amid the uncertainty posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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