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H. DoréA. R. EisenbergE. N. JunkinsG. E. LeventhalAnakha GaneshO. X. CorderoB. G. PaulD. L. ValentineM. A. O’MalleyE. G. WilbanksaDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106cDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139dBay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543eDepartment of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106fMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106gDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106hDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 9, February 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFrancesca Gioia, Laura N Walti, Ani Orchanian-Cheff, Shahid Husain
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
The identified risk factors for CAPA could eventually be addressed with targeted antifungal prophylaxis in patients with severe COVID-19.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMartí Català, Núria Mercadé-Besora, Raivo Kolde, Nhung T H Trinh, Elena Roel, Edward Burn, Trishna Rathod-Mistry, Kristin Kostka, Wai Yi Man, Antonella Delmestri, Hedvig M E Nordeng, Anneli Uusküla, Talita Duarte-Salles, Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, Annika M Jödicke
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Vaccination against COVID-19 consistently reduced the risk of long COVID symptoms, which highlights the importance of vaccination to prevent persistent COVID-19 symptoms, particularly in adults.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMark Nieuwenhuijsen, Audrey de Nazelle, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Haneen Khreis, Barbara Hoffmann
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Urban areas carry a large burden of acute (infectious) and chronic respiratory diseases due to environmental conditions such as high levels of air pollution and high population densities. Car-dominated cities often lack walkable areas, which reduces opportunities for physical activity that are fundamentally important for healthy lungs. The already restricted amount of green space available—with often poorly selected plants—could produce pollen and subsequently provoke or worsen allergic diseases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCurrent Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Burillo, Almudena; Pulido-Pérez, Ana; Bouza, Emilio
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review There are aspects of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) that remain unresolved, such as current numbers, classification criteria, how best to define severity and predict the outcome, what diagnostic tests to perform, what new treatment options are available, or what the duration of antibiotic treatment should be. We have reviewed the literature over the last 18 months to clarify these issues and provide our opinion. Recent findings SSTIs are common and among the top 10 most frequent infections worldwide. They represent a burden on the healthcare system and have a major impact on the quality of life of patients. Regarding classification, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) provides a practical guide that distinguishes between uncomplicated and complicated infections, acute and chronic wound infections, and necrotising and nonnecrotizing infections based on skin extension and tissue necrosis. With new microbiological and imaging diagnostic techniques, SSTIs can now be better diagnosed. New PCR techniques are available, and mass spectrometry can be applied to samples collected in liquid transport media. Moreover, new treatment methods such as photodynamic therapy, reactive oxygen, and phages are emerging. SSTI patients can be treated with shorter antibiotic courses if they receive an active drug with good tissue penetration. Antibiotic treatment in necrotizing infections can be shortened to 48 h after the last debridement. Summary SSTIs remain a challenge regarding rapid and accurate diagnosis and clinical management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCastaldo, Nadia; Vena, Antonio; Limongelli, Alessandro; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Bassetti, Matteo
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review To provide a brief overview of drugs in Phase II and III of development for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), offering insights into potential customized treatment options. Recent findings Several drugs are currently in advanced stages of evaluation for the treatment of ABSSSI, and numerous molecules are entering in the early development phases. Notably, many of these drugs exhibit unique mechanisms of action and interesting antimicrobial spectrum. Summary Tailoring antibiotic therapy based on patient characteristics, likely pathogens, type, site and severity of ABSSSI is crucial. Given the inherent limitations of available treatments, the development of novel agents is a pivotal avenue. Such advancements hold promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and simplifying drug selection for ABSSSI in everyday clinical practice.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMontravers, Philippe; Soussan, Romy; Tanaka, Sébastien
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review The early recognition of acute bacterial skin infections (ABSIs) and their swift and adequate care are the major determinants of success. The features that can hamper or delay surgical and medical management can lead to ‘difficult-to-treat’ ABSIs. Recent findings Delayed diagnosis and belated management are the key obstacles to be overcome. Clinicians should be careful about underestimating the severity of ABSIs and overlooking comorbidities, especially immunosuppression. Many conditions can lead to delayed source control, including a misdiagnosis, interhospital transfers, delayed re-exploration, or extensive injuries. Difficult therapeutic issues can occur, including rapidly destructive infections from highly pathogenic microorganisms (Group-A-streptococci, Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus) or inadequate antibiotic therapy resulting from multidrug-resistant bacteria. Impaired pharmacokinetic capacities of antibiotic agents should also be considered as a source of clinical failure due to insufficient antimicrobial activity at the site of infection. Summary Microbiological samples should be used for guiding antimicrobial therapy. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacteria should be considered, including local epidemiology and comorbidities. The optimization of antibiotic therapy should be achieved. Optimized care should be achieved through multidisciplinary management involving professionals with sufficient and appropriate training.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEckmann, Christian; Sunderkötter, Cord; Becker, Karsten; Grabein, Béatrice; Hagel, Stefan; Hanses, Frank; Wichmann, Dominic; Thalhammer, Florian
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review This review comments on the current guidelines for the treatment of wound infections under definition of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). However, wound infections around a catheter, such as driveline infections of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) are not specifically listed under this definition in any of the existing guidelines. Recent findings Definitions and classification of LVAD infections may vary across countries, and the existing guidelines and recommendations may not be equally interpreted among physicians, making it unclear if these infections can be considered as ABSSSI. Consequently, the use of certain antibiotics that are approved for ABSSSI may be considered as ‘off-label’ for LVAD infections, leading to rejection of reimbursement applications in some countries, affecting treatment strategies, and hence, patients’ outcomes. However, we believe driveline exit site infections related to LVAD can be included within the ABSSSI definition. Summary We argue that driveline infections meet the criteria for ABSSSI which would enlarge the ‘on-label’ antibiotic armamentarium for treating these severe infections, thereby improving the patients’ quality of life.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAllaw, Fatima; Wehbe, Saliba; Kanj, Souha S.
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review The aim of this review is to discuss the latest evidence of epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) with a particular focus on necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Recent findings NSTIs have been historically referred to as NF but encompass a broader range of infections, with variable rates ranging from 0.86 to 32.64 per 100 000 person-years, influenced by factors such as climate and seasonal variations. They have diverse microbiological profiles categorized into different types based on the involved pathogens, including polymicrobial or monomicrobial infections caused by organisms such as group A streptococcus (GAS), Staphylococcus aureus, some Gram-negative pathogens, and filamentous fungi following trauma and natural disasters. Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory markers, and imaging. However, the gold standard for diagnosis remains intraoperative tissue culture. Treatment involves repeated surgical debridement of necrotic tissues in addition to intravenous antibiotics. Adjuvant therapies with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) might have a role. Soft tissue reconstruction may be necessary following surgery. Summary Prompt diagnosis and proper medical and surgical management of NSTI will improve outcomes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPeghin, Maddalena; Graziano, Elena; Grossi, Paolo Antonio
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients may be a great challenge for clinicians caring for SOT due to the involvement of both common and opportunistic pathogens associated with a blunted immune response. The purpose of this review is to outline current literature and describe open issues on the management of SSTI in this special population. Recent findings Clinical presentation in SOT recipients can manifest as isolated skin lesions after primary inoculation or be the sign of a disseminated infection. Tissue samples for microscopy and histopathology are crucial to making an accurate diagnosis given the nonspecific and heterogeneous appearance of skin lesions. Multidisciplinary teams are required for a comprehensive diagnosis and management. Summary SSTI are frequent contributors to morbidity and mortality in SOT. Specific research focused on the clinical presentation, risk factors and management in this special population is needed.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSaadatzadeh, Tirajeh; Angarone, Michael; Stosor, Valentina
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review This review highlights the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients, advancements in the diagnostic landscape, and updates in treatment and prevention. Recent findings The increasing use of immune-depleting agents in the context of solid organ transplantation has given rise to P. jirovecii pneumonia in this population. The use of prophylaxis has dramatically reduced risk of infection; however, late-onset infections occur after cessation of prophylaxis and in the setting of lymphopenia, advancing patient age, acute allograft rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection. Diagnosis requires respiratory specimens, with PCR detection of Pneumocystis replacing traditional staining methods. Quantitative PCR may be a useful adjunct to differentiate between infection and colonization. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is gaining attention as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the drug of choice for treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Novel antifungal agents are under investigation. Summary P. jirovecii is a fungal opportunistic pathogen that remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Early detection and timely treatment remain the pillars of management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKenmoe, Sebastien; Nair, Harish
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review To highlight the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden and the current developments and challenges in RSV prevention for older adults ≥60 years through analysis of RSV epidemiology and the effectiveness of emerging vaccines. Recent findings In industrialized countries, RSV incidence rates and hospitalization rates among older adults are estimated to be 600.7 cases per 100 000 person-years and 157 hospitalizations per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Yet, accurately determining RSV morbidity and mortality in older adults is challenging, thus resulting in substantially under-estimating the disease burden. The in-hospital fatality rates vary substantially with age and geographies, and can be as high as 9.1% in developing countries. Two promising RSV vaccines for the elderly have been approved, demonstrating efficacies of up to 94.1%, signifying considerable advancement in RSV prevention. However, concerns over potential side effects remain. Summary RSV is associated with a significant burden in older adults. While the landscape of RSV prevention in older adults is promising with the licensure of vaccines from two companies, current trial data underscore the need for additional studies. Addressing the real-world effectiveness of these vaccines, understanding potential rare side effects, and ensuring broad inclusivity in future trials are crucial steps to maximize their potential benefits.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFranzone, John P.; Mackow, Natalie A.; van Duin, David
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the challenges associated with the treatment of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), discuss its carbapenem-resistance, and review the literature supporting the current treatment paradigm and therapeutic options. Recent findings In a multicenter, randomized, and controlled trial the novel β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam-durlobactam was compared to colistin, both in addition to imipenem-cilastatin. The drug met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority for 28-day all-cause mortality while demonstrating higher clinical cure rates in the treatment of CRAB pneumonia. In an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial colistin monotherapy was compared to colistin combined with meropenem. In this trial, combination therapy was not superior to monotherapy in the treatment of drug-resistant gram-negative organisms including CRAB pneumonia. Summary CRAB pneumonia is a preeminent public health threat without an agreed upon first line treatment strategy. Historically, there have been drawbacks to available treatment modalities without a clear consensus on the first-line treatment regimen. CRAB pneumonia is a top priority for the continued development of antimicrobials, adjuvant therapies and refinement of current treatment strategies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedElias, Christelle; Nunes, Marta C.; Saadatian-Elahi, Mitra
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Purpose of review This review covers updated perspectives on different aspects of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (pCAP), including the epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, antibiotic treatment, and existing preventive strategies in older adults. Recent findings pCAP remains the most prevalent condition among lower respiratory tract infections in the older adults according to Global Burden of Diseases 2019. Older adults can display atypical symptoms such as confusion, general clinical deterioration, new onset of and exacerbation of underlying illness that might trigger clinical suspicion of pCAP. Older adults with pCAP often experience increased disease severity and a higher risk of pulmonary complications compared with younger individuals, owing to age-related changes in immunity and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Vaccination stands fundamental for prevention, emphasizing the need for effective immunization strategies, specifically tailored for older adults. There is a pressing need to reinforce efforts aimed at boosting pneumococcal vaccination rates. Summary Despite a high morbidity and mortality, the burden of pCAP, in particular hospital admission and occurrence of invasive infections, among the elderly population is not sufficiently documented. This review findings emphasize the substantial burden of pCAP in this vulnerable population, driven by factors such as advancing age and underlying comorbidities. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains further complicates treatment decisions and highlights the importance of tailored approaches for managing pCAP in older adults.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCecilia Ferreyra, Laura Moretó-Planas, Fara Wagbo Temessadouno, Beatriz Alonso, Buai Tut, Victoria Achut, Mohamed Eltom, Endashaw M. Aderie, Vicente Descalzo-Jorro
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Cecilia Ferreyra, Laura Moretó-Planas, Fara Wagbo Temessadouno, Beatriz Alonso, Buai Tut, Victoria Achut, Mohamed Eltom, Endashaw M. Aderie, Vicente Descalzo-Jorro
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNolwenn Conan, Cyrus P. Paye, Reinaldo Ortuno, Alexander Chijuwa, Brown Chiwandira, Eric Goemaere, Daniela Belen Garone, Rebecca M. Coulborn, Menard Chihana, David Maman
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Nolwenn Conan, Cyrus P. Paye, Reinaldo Ortuno, Alexander Chijuwa, Brown Chiwandira, Eric Goemaere, Daniela Belen Garone, Rebecca M. Coulborn, Menard Chihana, David Maman
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSk Mohiuddin Choudhury, Roman Sarkar, Rajendra Karki, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Sk Mohiuddin Choudhury, Roman Sarkar, Rajendra Karki, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti Regulated cell death is a key component of the innate immune response, which provides the first line of defense against infection and homeostatic perturbations. However, cell death can also drive pathogenesis. The most well-defined cell death pathways can be categorized as nonlytic (apoptosis) and lytic (pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis). While specific triggers are known to induce each of these cell death pathways, it is unclear whether all cell types express the cell death proteins required to activate these pathways. Here, we assessed the protein expression and compared the responses of immune and non-immune cells of human and mouse origin to canonical pyroptotic (LPS plus ATP), apoptotic (staurosporine), necroptotic (TNF-α plus z-VAD), and PANoptotic (influenza A virus infection) stimuli. When compared to fibroblasts, both mouse and human innate immune cells, macrophages, expressed higher levels of cell death proteins and activated cell death effectors more robustly, including caspase-1, gasdermins, caspase-8, and RIPKs, in response to specific stimuli. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the cell type when examining the mechanisms regulating inflammation and cell death. Improved understanding of the cell types that contain the machinery to execute different forms of cell death and their link to innate immune responses is critical to identify new strategies to target these pathways in specific cellular populations for the treatment of infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYasuhisa Maruyama, Ryuto Nakamura, Shota Tsuji, Yingli Xuan, Kunio Mizutani, Tsubasa Okaze, Natsue Yoshimura
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Yasuhisa Maruyama, Ryuto Nakamura, Shota Tsuji, Yingli Xuan, Kunio Mizutani, Tsubasa Okaze, Natsue Yoshimura Thermal comfort of humans depends on the surrounding environment and affects their productivity. Several environmental factors, such as air temperature, relative humidity, wind or airflow, and radiation, have considerable influence on the thermal comfort or pleasantness; hence, these are generally controlled by electrical devices. Lately, the development of objective measurement methods for thermal comfort or pleasantness using physiological signals is receiving attention to realize a personalized comfortable environment through the automatic control of electrical devices. In this study, we focused on electroencephalography (EEG) and investigated whether EEG signals contain information related to the pleasantness of ambient airflow reproducing natural wind fluctuations using machine learning methods. In a hot and humid artificial climate chamber, we measured EEG signals while the participants were exposed to airflow at four different velocities. Based on the reported pleasantness levels, we performed within-participant classification from the source activity of the EEG and obtained a classification accuracy higher than the chance level using both linear and nonlinear support vector machine classifiers as well as an artificial neural network. The results of this study showed that EEG is useful in identifying people’s transient pleasantness when exposed to wind.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAriadna Capasso, Mercedes Colomar, Dora Ramírez, Suzanne Serruya, Bremen de Mucio
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Ariadna Capasso, Mercedes Colomar, Dora Ramírez, Suzanne Serruya, Bremen de Mucio Introduction Timely access to maternity care is critical to saving lives. Digital health may serve to bridge the care chasm and advance health equity. Conducted in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, this cross-sectional mixed-methods study assessed the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in healthcare facilities in nine Latin American and Caribbean countries to understand the landscape of ICT use in maternity care and the barriers and facilitators to its adoption. Materials and methods Between April 2021 and September 2022, we disseminated an online survey in English and Spanish among, mainly public, healthcare institutions that provided maternity care in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru. We also interviewed 27 administrators and providers in ministries of health and healthcare institutions. Results Most of the 1877 institutions that answered the survey reported using ICTs in maternity care (N = 1536, 82%), ranging from 96% in Peru to 64% in the Dominican Republic. Of institutions that used ICTs, 59% reported using them more than before or for the first time since the pandemic began. ICTs were most commonly used to provide family planning (64%) and breastfeeding (58%) counseling, mainly by phone (82%). At the facility level, availability of equipment and internet coverage, coupled with skilled human resources, were the main factors associated with ICT use. At country level, government-led initiatives to develop digital health platforms, alongside national investments in the digital infrastructure, were the determining factors in the adoption of ICTs in healthcare provision. Conclusion Digital health for maternity care provision relied on commonly available technology and did not necessitate highly sophisticated systems, making it a sustainable and replicable strategy. However, disparities in access to digital health remain and many facilities in rural and remote areas lacked connectivity. Use of ICTs in maternity care depended on countries’ long-term commitments to achieving universal health and digital coverage.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCharanpreet Kaur, Kandala Pavan Asrith, S. G. Ramachandra, Nagendra R. Hegde
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Charanpreet Kaur, Kandala Pavan Asrith, S. G. Ramachandra, Nagendra R. Hegde Subclinical infection of laboratory animals with one or more of several pathogens affects the results of experiments on animals. Monitoring the health of laboratory animals encompasses routine surveillance for pathogens, including several viruses. This study aimed to explore the development of an alternative assay to the existing ones for detecting infection of mice and rats with the parvoviruses minute virus of mice (MVM) and Kilham rat virus (KRV), respectively. Full-length VP2 and NS1 proteins of these parvoviruses, besides fragments containing multiple predicted epitopes stitched together, were studied for serological detection. The optimal dilution of full-length proteins and antigenic regions containing predicted epitopes for coating, test sera, and conjugate was determined using a checkerboard titration at each step. The assays were evaluated vis-à-vis commercially available ELISA kits. The results showed that an engineered fusion of fragments containing multiple predicted MVM VP2 and NS1 epitopes was better than either of the full-length proteins for detecting antibodies in 90% of the tested sera samples. For KRV ELISA, full-length VP2 was better compared to other individual recombinant protein fragments or combinations thereof for the detection of antibodies in sera. This report is the first description of an ELISA for KRV and an improved assay for MVM. Importantly, our assays could be exploited with small volumes of sera. The results also demonstrate the utility of immunoinformatics-driven polypeptide engineering in the development of diagnostic assays and the potential to develop better tests for monitoring the health status of laboratory animals.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIevgeniia Ostrov, Yongjia Gong, Joshua B. Zuk, Purni C. K. Wickramasinghe, Irina Tmenova, Diana E. Roopchand, Liping Zhao, Ilya Raskin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
by Ievgeniia Ostrov, Yongjia Gong, Joshua B. Zuk, Purni C. K. Wickramasinghe, Irina Tmenova, Diana E. Roopchand, Liping Zhao, Ilya Raskin Gut dysbiosis induced by oxygen and reactive oxygen species may be related to the development of inflammation, resulting in metabolic syndrome and associated—conditions in the gut. Here we show that elemental iron can serve as an antioxidant and reverse the oxygen-induced dysbiosis. Fecal samples from three healthy donors were fermented with elemental iron and/or oxygen. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that elemental iron reversed the oxygen-induced disruption of Shannon index diversity of the gut microbiota.The bacteria lacking enzymatic antioxidant systems also increased after iron treatment. Inter-individual differences, which corresponded to iron oxidation patterns, were observed for the tested donors. Gut bacteria responding to oxygen and iron treatments were identified as guilds, among which, Escherichia-Shigella was promoted by oxygen and depressed by elemental iron, while changes in bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eubacterium, Ruminococcaceae, Flavonifractor, Oscillibacter, and Lachnospiraceae were reversed by elemental iron after oxygen treatment. Short-chain fatty acid production was inhibited by oxygen and this effect was partially reversed by elemental iron. These results suggested that elemental iron can regulate the oxygen/ROS state and protect the gut microbiota from oxidative stress.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background When integrated with insecticide-treated bed nets, larval control of Anopheles mosquitoes could fast-track reductions in the incidence of human malaria. However, larval control interventions may deliver suboptimal outcomes where the preferred breeding places of mosquito vectors are not well known. This study investigated the breeding habitat choices of Anopheles mosquitoes in southern Nigeria. The objective was to identify priority sites for mosquito larval management in selected urban and periurban locations where malaria remains a public health burden. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected in urban and periurban water bodies during the wet-dry season interface in Edo, Delta, and Anambra States. Field-collected larvae were identified based on PCR gel-electrophoresis and amplicon sequencing, while the associations between Anopheles larvae and the properties and locations of water bodies were assessed using a range of statistical methods. Results Mosquito breeding sites were either man-made (72.09%) or natural (27.91%) and mostly drainages (48.84%) and puddles (25.58%). Anopheles larvae occurred in drainages, puddles, stream margins, and a concrete well, and were absent in drums, buckets, car tires, and a water-holding iron pan, all of which contained culicine larvae. Wild-caught Anopheles larvae comprised Anopheles coluzzii (80.51%), Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (11.54%), and Anopheles arabiensis (7.95%); a species-specific PCR confirmed the absence of the invasive urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi among field-collected larvae. Anopheles arabiensis, An. coluzzii, and An. gambiae s.s. displayed preferences for turbid, lowland, and partially sunlit water bodies, respectively. Furthermore, An. arabiensis preferred breeding sites located outside 500 m of households, whereas An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii had increased detection odds in sites within 500 m of households. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii were also more likely to be present in natural water bodies; meanwhile, 96.77% of An. arabiensis were in man-made water bodies. Intraspecific genetic variations were little in the dominant vector An. coluzzii, while breeding habitat choices of populations made no statistically significant contributions to these variations. Conclusion Sibling malaria vectors in the An. gambiae complex display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding habitats in southern Nigeria. The findings are relevant for planning targeted larval control of An. coluzzii whose increasing evolutionary adaptations to urban ecologies are driving the proliferation of the mosquito, and An. arabiensis whose adults typically evade the effects of treated bed nets due to exophilic tendencies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background By 2022, the Government of Indonesia had successfully eliminated malaria in 389 out of 514 districts but continues to face a challenge in Eastern Indonesia where 95% of the total 2021 malaria cases were reported from Papua, West Papua and Nusa Tenggara Timur provinces. There is an increased recognition that malaria elimination will require a better understanding of the human behavioural factors hindering malaria prevention and treatment, informed by local context and local practice. Methods This research used a light-touch immersion research approach. Field researchers lived in communities over several days to gather data through informal conversations, group-based discussions using visual tools, participant observation and direct experience. The study was conducted in four high malaria endemic areas in Papua, West Papua, and Sumba Islands in Nusa Tenggara Timur. Results The research highlights how people’s perception of malaria has changed since the introduction of effective treatment which, in turn, has contributed to a casual attitude towards early testing and adherence to malaria treatment. It also confirms that people rarely accept there is a link between mosquitoes and malaria based on their experience but nevertheless take precautions against the annoyance of mosquitoes. There is widespread recognition that babies and small children, elderly and incomers are more likely to be seriously affected by malaria and separately, more troubled by mosquitoes than indigenous adult populations. This is primarily explained by acclimatization and strong immune systems among the latter. Conclusions Using immersion research enabled behaviour research within a naturalistic setting, which in turn enabled experiential-led analysis of findings and revealed previously unrecognized insights into attitudes towards malaria in Eastern Indonesia. The research provides explanations of people’s lack of motivation to consistently use bed nets, seek early diagnosis or complete courses of treatment. The felt concern for the wellbeing of vulnerable populations highlighted during light touch immersion provides an entry point for future social behaviour change communication interventions. Rather than trying to explain transmission to people who deny this connection, the research concludes that it may be better to focus separately on the two problems of malaria and mosquitoes (especially for vulnerable groups) thereby resonating with local people’s own experience and felt concerns.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background Coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the most significant risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). The immune responses of the lung are essential to restrict the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avoid the emergence of the disease. Nevertheless, there is still limited knowledge about the local immune response in people with HIV-1–TB coinfection.Methods We employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 9 individuals with HIV-1–TB coinfection and 10 with pulmonary TB.Results A total of 19 058 cells were grouped into 4 major cell types: myeloid cells, T/natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and epithelial cells. The myeloid cells and T/NK cells were further divided into 10 and 11 subsets, respectively. The proportions of dendritic cell subsets, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells were lower in the HIV-1–TB coinfection group compared to the TB group, while the frequency of CD8+ T cells was higher. Additionally, we identified numerous differentially expressed genes between the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets between the 2 groups.Conclusions HIV-1 infection not only affects the abundance of immune cells in the lungs but also alters their functions in patients with pulmonary TB.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type (ST) 45 is a globally disseminated MRSA lineage. Herein, we investigated whether MRSA ST45 isolates from cellulitis and from osteomyelitis display distinctive phenotypic and genomic characteristics.Methods A total of 15 MRSA ST45 isolates from cellulitis (CL-MRSAs; n = 6) or osteomyelitis (OM-MRSAs; n = 9) were collected in a Taiwan hospital. These MRSA ST45 isolates were characterized for their antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm-forming ability, cellular infectivity in vitro, and pathogenicity in vivo. Four CL-MRSA and six OM-MRSA ST45 isolates were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS).Results Antibiotic resistance tests showed that all OM-MRSA ST45 strains, but not CL-MRSA ST45 strains, were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin and doxycycline. Compared to the CL-MRSA ST45 isolates, the OM-MRSA ST45 isolates had stronger biofilm-forming ability and cellular infectivity, and caused more severe disease in mice. WGS analysis revealed that these OM-MRSA ST45 isolates carry multiple common mutations or polymorphisms in genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence. Moreover, the transposable elements IS256 and IS257R2 were found only in the OM-MRSA ST45 isolates.Conclusions The emergence and spread of the highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant ST45 MRSAs identified from osteomyelitis may pose a serious threat on public health.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Chronic viral hepatitis is caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus or hepatitis D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV). Despite different replication strategies, all these viruses rely on secretion through the host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway, providing potential host targets for antiviral therapy. Knockdown of transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) in virus cell culture models reduced secretion of infectious HCV virions, HDV virions and HBV subviral particles. Moreover, in a cohort of people with hepatitis B a TM6SF2 polymorphism (rs58542926 CT/TT, which causes protein misfolding and reduced TM6SF2 in the liver) correlated with lower concentrations of subviral particles in blood, complementing our previous work showing decreased HCV viral load in people with this polymorphism. In conclusion, the host protein TM6SF2 plays a key role in secretion of HBV, HCV and HDV, providing the potential for novel pan-viral agents to treat people with chronic viral hepatitis.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax account for >90% global malaria burden. Transmission intervention strategies encompassing transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) and drugs represent ideal public health tools to eliminate malaria at the population level. The availability of mature P. falciparum gametocytes through in vitro culture has facilitated development of a standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) to assess efficacy of transmission interventions against P. falciparum. The lack of in vitro culture for P. vivax has significantly hampered similar progress on P. vivax and limited studies have been possible using blood from infected patients in endemic areas. The ethical and logistical limitations of on-time access to blood from patients have impeded the development of P. vivax TBVs.Methods Transgenic murine malaria parasites (P. berghei) expressing TBV candidates offer a promising alternative for evaluation of P. vivax TBVs through in vivo studies in mice, and ex vivo membrane feeding assay (MFA).Results We describe the development of transmission competent transgenic TgPbvs25 parasites and optimization of parameters to establish an ex vivo MFA to evaluate P. vivax TBV based on Pvs25 antigen.Conclusions The MFA is expected to expedite Pvs25-based TBV development without dependence on blood from P. vivax-infected patients in endemic areas for evaluation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background The therapeutic challenges posed by nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) contribute to an unmet medical need. In this study, we aimed to investigate NTM-PD-specific metabolic pathways using serum metabolomics to understand disease pathogenesis.Methods Mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from patients with NTM-PD (n = 50), patients with bronchiectasis (n = 50), and healthy controls (n = 60) was performed. Selected metabolites were validated by an independent cohort and subjected to pathway analysis and classification modeling.Results Leucine, tyrosine, inosine, proline, 5-oxoproline, and hypoxanthine levels increased in the NTM-PD group compared with the healthy control group. Furthermore, levels of antioxidant metabolites (ferulic acid, α-lipoic acid, biotin, and 2,8-phenazinediamine) decreased in patients with NTM-PD. These changes were associated with arginine- and proline-related metabolism, leading to generation of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, the observed metabolic changes in the NTM-PD group overlapped with those in the bronchiectasis group.Conclusion In NTM-PD, 11 metabolites linked to increased oxidative stress were significantly altered from those in healthy controls. Our findings enhance a comprehensive understanding of NTM-PD pathogenesis and provide insights for novel treatment approaches.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedA. Fabrice SoméMelissa D. ConradZachari KabréAminata FofanaR. Serge YerbangaThomas BaziéCatherine NeyaMyreille SoméTegawinde Josue KagambegaJenny LegacShreeya GargJeffrey A. BaileyJean-Bosco OuédraogoPhilip J. RosenthalRoland A. Cooper1Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso2Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA3Institut des Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA5Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, USA, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Yanka Evellyn Alves Rodrigues SalazarJaime LouzadaMaria Carolina Silva de Barros PuçaLuiz Felipe Ferreira GuimarãesJosé Luiz Fernandes VieiraAndré Machado de SiqueiraJosé Pedro GilCristiana Ferreira Alves de BritoTais Nobrega de Sousa1Molecular Biology and Malaria Immunology Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil2Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil3Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil4Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil5Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Francisco OlivençaDavid PiresCátia SilveiroBianca GamaFrederico HoltremanElsa AnesMaria João Catalão1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal2Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Lisbon, Portugal, Sean Wasserman
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Pier Giorgio CojuttiManjunath P. PaiTommaso TonettiAntonio SiniscalchiPierluigi VialeFederico Pea1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA4Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy5Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy6Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, James E. Leggett
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
BMC Infectious Diseases, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
Abstract Background Consultations for sexually transmitted infection (STI) provide an opportunity to offer HIV testing to both patients and their partners. This study describes the organisation of HIV self-testing (HIVST) distribution during STI consultations in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and analyse the perceived barriers and facilitators associated with the use and redistribution of HIVST kits by STI patients. Materials and methods A qualitative study was conducted between March and August 2021 to investigate three services providing HIVST: an antenatal care clinic (ANC), a general health centre that also provided STI consultations, and a dedicated STI clinic. Data were collected through observations of medical consultations with STI patients (N = 98) and interviews with both health professionals involved in HIVST distribution (N = 18) and STI patients who received HIVST kits for their partners (N = 20). Results In the ANC clinic, HIV testing was routinely offered during the first prenatal visit. HIVST was commonly offered to women who had been diagnosed with an STI for their partner’s use (27/29 observations). In the general health centre, two parallel pathways coexisted: before the consultation, a risk assessment tool was used to offer HIV testing to eligible patients and, after the consultation, patients who had been diagnosed with an STI were referred to a care assistant for HIVST. Due to this HIV testing patient flow, few offers of HIV testing and HIVST were made in this setting (3/16). At the dedicated STI clinic, an HIVST video was played in the waiting room. According to the health professionals interviewed, this video helped reduce the time required to offer HIVST after the consultation. Task-shifting was implemented there: patients were referred to a nurse for HIV testing, and HIVST was commonly offered to STI patients for their partners’ use (28/53). When an HIVST was offered, it was generally accepted (54/58). Both health professionals and patients perceived HIVST positively despite experiencing a few difficulties with respect to offering HIVST to partners and structural barriers associated with the organisation of services. Conclusion The organisation of patient flow and task-shifting influenced HIV testing and offers of HIVST kits. Proposing HIVST is more systematic when HIV testing is routinely offered to all patients. Successful integration requires improving the organisation of services, including task-shifting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSophie BouilletTaran S. BauerSusan Gottesman1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Corrella S. Detweiler
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 27.02.2024
Tilføjet 27.02.2024
Abstract Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore, laboratory modelling of bacterial pneumonia remains important for elucidating the complex host-pathogen interactions and to determine drug efficacy and toxicity. In vitro cell culture enables for the creation of high-throughput, specific disease models in a tightly controlled environment. Advanced human cell culture models specifically, can bridge the research gap between the classical two-dimensional cell models and animal models. This review provides an overview of the current status of the development of complex cellular in vitro models to study bacterial pneumonia infections, with a focus on air-liquid interface models, spheroid, organoid, and lung-on-a-chip models. For the wide scale, comparative literature search, we selected six clinically highly relevant bacteria (P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. tuberculosis, S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus). We reviewed the cell lines that are commonly used, as well as trends and discrepancies in the methodology, ranging from cell infection parameters to assay read-outs. We also highlighted the importance of model validation and data transparency in guiding the research field towards more complex infection models.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPatrick Peretti-Watel, Pierre Verger, Jeremy K. Ward
Nature, 27.02.2024
Tilføjet 27.02.2024
Ya Min Yang, Dong Ming Li
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27.02.2024
Tilføjet 27.02.2024
A 28-year-old Chinese man without a familial history of psoriasis presented to our clinic and reported that he had been affected by plaque psoriasis for 3 years. He was a police officer and spend a lot of time training on grass. He had neither arthralgia nor other medical conditions. The patient had previously received many topical drugs, including vitamin D3 analogs and corticosteroids, but no clinical improvement was observed. The patient suffered from extreme itching. On examination, erythematous and scaling plaques were observed all over the skin surface (Fig.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLow, A., van Winden, S., Cai, L., Kessels, R. P. C., Maas, M. C., Morris, R. G., Nus, M., Tozer, D. J., Tuladhar, A., van der Kolk, A., Wolters, R., Mallat, Z., Riksen, N. P., Markus, H., de Leeuw, F.-E.
BMJ Open, 27.02.2024
Tilføjet 27.02.2024
IntroductionThe INflammation and Small Vessel Disease (INSVD) study aims to investigate whether peripheral inflammation, immune (dys)regulation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability relate to disease progression in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). This research aims to pinpoint specific components of the immune response in SVD relating to disease progression. This could identify biomarkers of SVD progression, as well as potential therapeutic targets to inform the development and repurposing of drugs to reduce or prevent SVD, cognitive decline and vascular dementia. Methods and analysisINSVD is a prospective observational multicentre cohort study in individuals with symptomatic SVD. This longitudinal study combines comprehensive immunophenotyping of the peripheral blood immune compartment with advanced neuroimaging markers of SVD and BBB permeability. The main SVD marker of interest is white matter microstructure as determined by diffusion tensor imaging, a valuable marker of disease progression owing to its sensitivity to early alterations to white matter integrity. The research is being conducted in two sites—in the UK (Cambridge) and the Netherlands (Nijmegen)—with each site recruiting 100 participants (total n=200). Participants undergo clinical and cognitive assessments, blood draws, and brain MRI at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Ethics and disseminationThis study received ethical approval from the local ethics boards (UK: East of England—Cambridge Central Research Ethics Committee (REC) ref: 22/EE/00141, Integrated Research Application System (IRAS) ID: 312 747. Netherlands: Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC) Oost-Nederland, ref: 2022-13623, NL-number: NL80258.091.22). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the study. Any participant-derived benefits resulting from this research, such as new insights into disease mechanisms or possible novel therapies, will be disseminated to study participants, patient groups and members of the public. Trial registration numberNCT05746221.
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